Nokea
Patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes often have increased fasting triglyceride levels. Question: Which explanation for these increased fasting triglyceride levels is most likely?
- A. The triglyceride production of adipose tissue is not sufficiently inhibited by insulin
- B. Increased VLDL production leads to increased levels of free fatty acids
- C. The VLDL production by the liver is not sufficiently inhibited by insulin
- D. The LDL uptake by adipose tissue is not sufficiently stimulated by insulin
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Type 2's triglyceride rise liver VLDL pumps unchecked, insulin flops, not fat tissue or LDL games. Nurses target this, a chronic liver lipid leak.
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Essential education for patients with regards to insulin therapy includes the following except:
- A. Hypoglycaemia management
- B. Sickday management
- C. Prescribing insulin
- D. Safe driving
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Insulin education patients learn hypo fixes, sick day tweaks, driving rules, needle skills; prescribing's the doc's job, not their load. Nurses drill this chronic self-care kit, skipping the script-writing bit for pros.
External-beam radiation is planned for a patient with cervical cancer. What instructions should the nurse give to the patient to prevent complications from the effects of the radiation?
- A. Test all stools for the presence of blood.
- B. Maintain a high-residue, high-fiber diet.
- C. Clean the perianal area carefully after every bowel movement.
- D. Inspect the mouth and throat daily for the appearance of thrush.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Cervical radiation hits the pelvis diarrhea's a beast from bowel irritation. Gentle perianal cleaning stops skin breakdown and infection, a must-do. Stool blood happens but isn't routine to test diarrhea's expected. High-fiber worsens it low-residue's better. Thrush is oral, not pelvic radiation's turf. Nurses in oncology push this hygiene tip, keeping skin intact amid radiation's gut chaos.
The hospice nurse has just admitted a new patient to the program. What principle guides hospice care?
- A. Care addresses the needs of the patient as well as the needs of the family
- B. Care is focused on the patient centrally and the family peripherally
- C. The focus of all aspects of care is solely on the patient
- D. The care team prioritizes the patient's physical needs and the family is responsible for the patient's emotional needs
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Hospice wraps the patient and family in care physical, emotional, spiritual for both, not just one. It's not patient-only or peripheral family focus; it's a unit. Splitting physical and emotional duties misses the holistic vibe. Nurses in oncology's endgame lean on this, ensuring comfort and support ripple out, easing the load for all as death nears.
According to Johnson and Chang (2014), compared to the non-indigenous population, the Australian indigenous population is more likely to:
- A. Live in the bush, eat native food and have increased exposure to the elements
- B. Have a higher incidence of chronic disease, be less healthy, die at a much younger age, and have lower quality of life
- C. Access health care and implement appropriate lifestyle changes equitably
- D. Experience death at a rate of twice that of the non-indigenous population
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Indigenous Australians face a heavier chronic disease load diabetes, heart issues dying younger, with life expectancy gaps of 10+ years, and poorer quality of life from systemic inequities. Bush living's a stereotype, not a health driver; equitable care's a myth access lags; death rate's high but not precisely double. Nurses see this burden, tackling social determinants, a stark chronic care reality rooted in data, not just location or access claims.
With regards to adverse effects of first-line antihypertensive medications, angioedema has been associated with which ONE of the following classes of antihypertensives?
- A. Angiotensin receptor blockers
- B. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
- C. Calcium channel blockers (dihydropyridine)
- D. Thiazide diuretics
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Angioedema, a potentially life-threatening swelling of deep skin layers or mucous membranes, is a well-documented adverse effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, occurring in about 0.1-0.7% of patients due to bradykinin accumulation from enzyme inhibition. This distinguishes ACE inhibitors from other first-line antihypertensives. Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) rarely cause angioedema, as they don't affect bradykinin levels. Calcium channel blockers (e.g., dihydropyridines like amlodipine) may cause peripheral edema but not angioedema. Thiazide diuretics are linked to electrolyte imbalances or rashes, not angioedema. Family physicians must recognize this ACE inhibitor risk, ensuring prompt discontinuation and airway management if it occurs, critical for safe chronic disease management.