Nokea
To which extent is gangrene caused by macrovascular disease more common in patients with diabetes than in patients without diabetes?
- A. 2x more common
- B. 10x more common
- C. 20x more common
- D. 100x more common
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Diabetes amps gangrene 10x via vessel rot, not mild or wild jumps. Nurses dread this, a chronic limb thief.
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Risk factors for developing COPD include:
- A. Seasonal respiratory conditions and family history of emphysema
- B. Age, high fat diet and sedentary lifestyle
- C. History of cardiovascular and autoimmune conditions
- D. Indoor and outdoor air pollution
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: COPD risk factors center on chronic airway damage. Seasonal respiratory conditions may exacerbate, not cause, COPD, though family history of emphysema suggests genetic risk (e.g., alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency), but it's less primary than exposure. Age is a factor as lung function declines naturally, but high fat diet and sedentary lifestyle are more linked to obesity or cardiovascular disease, not directly COPD. Cardiovascular and autoimmune histories don't drive COPD etiology smoking and pollution do. Indoor (e.g., biomass smoke) and outdoor air pollution (e.g., particulates) are major irritants, causing inflammation and irreversible airflow limitation, per Deravin and Anderson (2019). Pollution's role is critical globally, especially in occupational or urban settings, outweighing secondary factors by directly triggering the chronic inflammatory cascade defining COPD pathogenesis.
A child is seen in the pediatrician's office for complaints of bone and joint pain. Which other assessment finding may indicate leukemia?
- A. Abdominal pain
- B. Increased activity level
- C. Increased appetite
- D. Petechiae
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Leukemia often presents with bone and joint pain due to marrow infiltration by leukemic cells, but petechiae small red or purple spots from minor bleeds under the skin are a key additional sign of bleeding tendencies from thrombocytopenia, a common leukemia consequence. This reflects bone marrow failure to produce adequate platelets, making it a critical finding for nurses to note during assessment. Abdominal pain might occur from organ enlargement (e.g., splenomegaly), but it's less specific and not a primary complaint here. Increased activity level and appetite contradict leukemia's typical fatigue and anorexia due to metabolic demands of proliferating cells and anemia. Recognizing petechiae prompts urgent blood work and referral, aligning with nursing's role in early detection of pediatric leukemia, ensuring timely intervention to manage this life-threatening condition effectively.
Which stage of liver damage is irreversible?
- A. Cirrhosis
- B. Fibrosis
- C. Inflammation
- D. Steatosis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Cirrhosis scars for keeps fibrosis might bend, inflammation fades, steatosis lifts, but end-stage knots stay. Nurses mark this, a chronic liver lock.
A patient on the oncology unit is receiving carmustine, a chemotherapy agent, and the nurse is aware that a significant side effect of this medication is thrombocytopenia. Which symptom should the nurse assess for in patients at risk for thrombocytopenia?
- A. Interrupted sleep pattern
- B. Hot flashes
- C. Epistaxis (nose bleed)
- D. Increased weight
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Carmustine, a nitrosourea, slams bone marrow, dropping platelets and causing thrombocytopenia low counts mean bleeding risks soar. Epistaxis (nosebleeds) is a classic sign, as mucosal vessels lack clotting support, especially with counts below 50,000/µL. Sleep issues might tie to discomfort but aren't direct. Hot flashes link to hormonal therapies, not this. Weight gain's unrelated cancer often causes loss. Nurses zero in on bleeding like epistaxis, bruising, or petechiae checking daily for these red flags, vital in oncology to catch and manage this life-threatening chemo fallout early.
Which of these causes of gastroenteritis usually requires treatment with antibiotics?
- A. shigella
- B. salmonella
- C. e-coli
- D. giardia
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Giardia flagellate needs metronidazole, not shigella, salmonella, E. coli, campy's self-run. Nurses dose this chronic gut bug.