Nokea
Pentobarbitone is
- A. Long acting barbiturates
- B. Short acting barbiturates
- C. Ultra short acting barbiturates
- D. Intermediate acting barbiturates
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Pentobarbitone (pentobarbital) is classified as an intermediate-acting barbiturate, with a duration of action between short-acting and long-acting barbiturates.
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It is often necessary to obtain baseline data prior to initiating many forms of drug therapy. These baseline data include what? (Select one that does not apply.)
- A. Education level
- B. Allergies
- C. Drug use
- D. Number of members in family
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Baseline data like education level , allergies , and drug use inform safe therapy; family size and father's occupation are less relevant.
The home health care nurse is visiting a client who was recently diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The client is prescribed repaglinide (Prandin) and metformin (Glucophage) and asks the nurse to explain these medications. The nurse should reinforce which instructions to the client?(Select one that does not apply.).
- A. Diarrhea can occur secondary to the metformin.
- B. The repaglinide is not taken if a meal is skipped.
- C. The repaglinide is taken 30 minutes before eating.
- D. Candy or another simple sugar is carried and used to treat mild hyperglycemia episodes.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Repaglinide is a rapid-acting oral hypoglycemic agent that stimulates pancreatic insulin secretion that should be taken before meals, and that should be withheld if the client does not eat. Hypoglycemia is a side effect of repaglinide and the client should always be prepared by carrying a simple sugar with her or him at all times. Metformin is an oral hypoglycemic given in combination with repaglinide and works by decreasing hepatic glucose production. A common side effect of metformin is diarrhea. Correct answers include: 1, 2, 3, 4.
When involved in phase III drug evaluation studies, what responsibilities would the nurse have?
- A. Working with animals who are given experimental drugs
- B. Choosing appropriate patients to be involved in the drug study
- C. Monitoring and observing patients closely for adverse effects
- D. Conducting research to determine effectiveness of the drug
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Phase III studies involve use of a drug in a vast clinical population in which patients are asked to record any symptoms they experience while taking the drugs. Nurses may be responsible for helping collect and analyze the information to be shared with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) but would not conduct research independently because nurses do not prescribe medications. Use of animals in drug testing is done in the preclinical trials. Select patients who are involved in phase II studies to participate in studies where the participants have the disease the drug is intended to treat. These patients are monitored closely for drug action and adverse effects. Phase I studies involve healthy human volunteers who are usually paid for their participation. Nurses may observe for adverse effects and toxicity.
What needs to happen to the protein-drug complex for the drugs to reach the cells where the drug can act?
- A. The protein-drug complex must break itself into smaller pieces to enter the capillaries.
- B. The binding site on the protein picks up a chemical to make it soluble in the serum.
- C. The drug must break away from the protein-binding site and float freely.
- D. The drug must be dissolved in the plasma so it can enter the capillaries and then the tissues.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Most drugs are bound, to some extent, to proteins in the blood to be carried into circulation. The protein-drug complex is relatively large and cannot enter into capillaries and then into tissues to react. The drug must be freed from the protein's binding site at the tissues. This occurs without the introduction of another chemical or by dissolving in it plasma.
All of the following are protein bound except:
- A. Propranolol
- B. Atenolol
- C. Phenylbutazone
- D. Warfarin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Atenolol has low protein binding; others bind extensively.