Nokea
Physical exertion improves the glucose uptake in patients with type 2 diabetes. Question: Which intracellular process is the most likely explanation of this increase in glucose uptake?
- A. Increase of the tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-1, which improves the insulin signal transduction
- B. Increase of the tyrosine phosphorylation of GLUT4-transporters which indices its translocation
- C. Increase of AMPK, which induces GLUT4 translocation
- D. Increase of AMPK, which induces IRS-1 phosphorylation
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Exercise boosts glucose AMPK flips GLUT4 out, no insulin needed, not IRS-1 or direct GLUT4 hits. Nurses see this, a chronic muscle mover.
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Which of the following appropriately describes diastolic dysfunction?
- A. The rate of filling of the ventricles during diastole is slowed
- B. The left ventricle is dilated
- C. The preload (end ventricular diastolic volume) is increased
- D. The left ventricular ejection fraction is decreased
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Diastolic dysfunction stiffens ventricles slowed filling in diastole nails it, as relaxation flops, hiking pressure. Dilated LV or high preload fits systolic; low EF's not here preserved in HFpEF. Dyssynchrony's another beast. Clinicians peg this slow fill, a chronic heart kink distinct from pump fail.
12 lead Electrocardiography (ECG) is a diagnostic tool used to assess the cardiovascular system. Which of the following are not diagnosed by ECG?
- A. Arrhythmias
- B. Conduction abnormalities
- C. Fluid overload
- D. Enlargement of heart chambers
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: ECG maps heart's electric arrhythmias, blocks, chamber bulges show up. Fluid overload? Physical, echo territory ECG hints, doesn't nail it. Nurses pair tools, a chronic heart's partial scope.
Obesity is now determined to be a disease because: i. Obesity is common. ii. The development of obesity results from established pathophysiology. iii. Obesity results in negative health consequences. iv. Obesity increases mortality.
- A. i and ii
- B. ii and iii
- C. i and iv
- D. ii, iii, and iv
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Obesity's disease tag leans on pathophysiology hormone and brain glitches plus harm like diabetes and higher death rates, not just its spread. Commonness alone doesn't clinch it; mechanisms, outcomes, and mortality do. Clinicians bank on this trio, framing interventions, a chronic shift from mere prevalence to impact.
Which statement is true regarding CT and LP in AIDS patients?
- A. they should all have a CT prior to LP
- B. if they have no focal neurology they do not need a CT
- C. if they have a GSC of 15 they do not need a CT
- D. all of the above are true
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: AIDS LP CT skips if no focal signs, full GCS, no fever push; all hold. Blanket CT's overkill nurses weigh risks, a chronic brain check dance dodging pressure flops.
The nurse is caring for a patient who is to begin receiving external radiation for a malignant tumor of the neck. While providing patient education, what potential adverse effects should the nurse discuss with the patient?
- A. Impaired nutritional status
- B. Cognitive changes
- C. Diarrhea
- D. Alopecia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Neck radiation hits the oral mucosa, salivary glands, and throat, causing mucositis, taste loss, pain, and dysphagia leading to impaired nutrition. Patients struggle to eat, risking weight loss and weakness, a top concern in head-and-neck cases. Cognitive changes tie to brain radiation, not neck. Diarrhea aligns with abdominal radiation, not this site. Alopecia occurs with whole-brain radiation, not localized neck treatment, where hair loss is minimal unless the scalp's in the field. Nurses must prep patients for these site-specific effects, ensuring dietary support (e.g., soft foods, supplements) to maintain strength through therapy, a key part of oncology care planning.