Nokea
Pneumotaxic center is
- A. Inhibitory
- B. Accelatory
- C. Activating
- D. None of these
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Inhibitory. The pneumotaxic center is located in the upper pons and functions to inhibit inspiration, preventing overinflation of the lungs. This helps regulate the respiratory rate and depth. The other choices are incorrect because the pneumotaxic center does not accelerate or activate breathing directly. It exerts its influence by inhibiting the inspiratory neurons in the medulla, thereby controlling the duration and frequency of inspiration. Choice D is incorrect as the pneumotaxic center does have a specific inhibitory function in the respiratory control system.
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Which lifestyle modification is recommended for individuals with heart failure?
- A. Sedentary lifestyle
- B. Smoking
- C. Regular physical activity
- D. Excessive alcohol consumption
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Regular physical activity. Physical activity is recommended for individuals with heart failure as it can help improve cardiovascular health, strengthen the heart muscle, and enhance overall well-being. Exercise can also help manage symptoms of heart failure and improve quality of life.
The other choices are incorrect:
A: Sedentary lifestyle can worsen heart failure symptoms and lead to deconditioning.
B: Smoking is harmful for heart health and can exacerbate heart failure.
D: Excessive alcohol consumption can weaken the heart muscle and contribute to heart failure complications.
A nursing instructor asks a nursing student to describe the route of transmission of tuberculosis. The instructor concludes that the student understands this information if the student states that tuberculosis is transmitted by:
- A. Hand to mouth
- B. The airborne route
- C. The fecal-oral route
- D. Blood and body fluids
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: The airborne route. Tuberculosis is primarily transmitted through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes, releasing droplets containing the TB bacteria. These droplets can be inhaled by others, leading to the transmission of the disease. This mode of transmission is supported by scientific evidence and is well-documented in medical literature.
Choice A (Hand to mouth) is incorrect because TB is not typically transmitted through direct contact with contaminated hands to mouth. Choice C (The fecal-oral route) is incorrect as TB is not transmitted through fecal-oral route but primarily through respiratory droplets. Choice D (Blood and body fluids) is incorrect as TB is not commonly transmitted through blood or body fluids, but rather through respiratory droplets in the air.
How many lobes does each lung have, and which lung has a cardiac notch?
- A. right lung has 2 lobes, the left lung has 3 lobes; the right lung has a cardiac notch
- B. right lung has 3 lobes, the left lung has 2 lobes; the right lung has a cardiac notch
- C. right lung has 2 lobes, the left lung has 3 lobes; the left lung has a cardiac notch
- D. right lung has 3 lobes, the left lung has 2 lobes; the left lung has a cardiac notch
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step 1: Identifying lobes - The right lung has 3 lobes (upper, middle, lower) while the left lung has 2 lobes (upper, lower).
Step 2: Cardiac notch - The cardiac notch is a concave space on the left lung where the heart lies. Therefore, the left lung has a cardiac notch.
Step 3: Correct choice - Option D states that the right lung has 3 lobes, the left lung has 2 lobes, and the left lung has a cardiac notch, which aligns with the anatomical features of the lungs.
Step 4: Incorrect choices - Choices A, B, and C have incorrect combinations of lobes and the presence of a cardiac notch, making them incorrect.
pharynx is a muscular tube with a length of
- A. 13cm
- B. 12cm
- C. Sinches
- D. both a and c
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: 13cm. The human pharynx is typically around 13cm in length. This length allows for the proper passage of food and liquids from the mouth to the esophagus. Choice B (12cm) is incorrect as it is slightly shorter than the average length of the pharynx. Choice C (5 inches) is also incorrect as it does not correspond to the standard unit of measurement for medical lengths. Choice D (both a and c) is incorrect as 12cm and 5 inches are not equivalent lengths for the pharynx.
All of the following states decrease lung compliance EXCEPT
- A. Lung fibrosis
- B. Increased pulmonary venous pressure
- C. Long period of time where the lung is unventilated
- D. Emphysema
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Emphysema. Emphysema is characterized by destruction of lung tissue, leading to loss of elasticity and increased compliance. Increased compliance means the lungs are easier to expand, contrary to decreased compliance seen in the other conditions listed. Lung fibrosis, increased pulmonary venous pressure, and prolonged lung collapse all lead to decreased lung compliance by causing stiffness, fluid accumulation, and reduced lung expansion, respectively. Therefore, D is the correct answer as it does not decrease lung compliance.