Nokea
The nurse is caring for a patient who has returned to the unit following a bronchoscopy. The patient is asking for something to drink. Which criterion will determine when the nurse should allow the patient to drink fluids?
- A. Presence of a cough and gag reflex
- B. Absence of nausea
- C. Ability to demonstrate deep inspiration
- D. Oxygen saturation of ≥92%
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A, presence of a cough and gag reflex. After a bronchoscopy, it is crucial for the nurse to ensure the patient has a cough and gag reflex before allowing them to drink fluids to prevent aspiration. Cough reflex helps clear secretions, and gag reflex prevents fluids from entering the airway. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not directly relate to the safety of the patient's ability to swallow post-bronchoscopy.
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In human beings, partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the inspired and expired air is respectively
- A. 0.3 and 40 mm Hg
- B. 0.3 and 32 mm Hg
- C. 40 and 46 mm Hg
- D. 40 and 0.3 mm Hg
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B (0.3 and 32 mm Hg) because in inspired air, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide is low at around 0.3 mm Hg, whereas in expired air, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide is higher at around 32 mm Hg due to gas exchange in the lungs.
Choice A (0.3 and 40 mm Hg) is incorrect because the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in inspired air is not typically as high as 40 mm Hg.
Choice C (40 and 46 mm Hg) is incorrect because the values are reversed; the partial pressure of carbon dioxide is higher in expired air compared to inspired air.
Choice D (40 and 0.3 mm Hg) is incorrect as the values are reversed, and the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in inspired air is not typically as high as 40 mm Hg.
A client who is found unresponsive has the following arterial blood gases: pH 7.12,
PCO2 90, and HCO3 26. The nurse interprets the results as indicating which
condition?
- A. Metabolic acidosis with partial compensation
- B. Respiratory acidosis with partial compensation
- C. Metabolic acidosis without compensation
- D. Respiratory acidosis without compensation
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, respiratory acidosis without compensation. The low pH and high PCO2 levels indicate respiratory acidosis. HCO3 is within normal range, suggesting no metabolic compensation. This is not metabolic acidosis as the HCO3 level is not elevated. Not partial compensation as the HCO3 level is not compensating for the respiratory acidosis.
Carbonic anhydrase in the RBC is the fastest enzyme and it decomposes in one second for fast action. Its concentration in the blood is due to the presence of
- A. Plasma
- B. Carbon dioxide
- C. Sodium ions
- D. Hemoglobin
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Hemoglobin. Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme found in red blood cells that rapidly catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide into bicarbonate ions. Hemoglobin plays a crucial role in transporting carbon dioxide in the blood. The high concentration of hemoglobin in red blood cells allows for efficient binding and transport of carbon dioxide, leading to the need for a rapid enzyme like carbonic anhydrase to facilitate its conversion. Plasma (choice A) does not directly influence the concentration of carbonic anhydrase. Carbon dioxide (choice B) is the substrate for carbonic anhydrase, not the reason for its concentration. Sodium ions (choice C) do not directly affect the action of carbonic anhydrase in red blood cells.
A nurse cares for a client who had a bronchoscopy 2 hours ago. The client asks for a drink of water. Which action should the nurse take next?
- A. Call the physician and request a prescription for food and water.
- B. Provide the client with ice chips instead of a drink of water.
- C. Assess the client's gag reflex before giving any food or water.
- D. Let the client have a small sip to see whether he or she can swallow.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Correct Answer: C
Rationale:
1. Assessing the client's gag reflex is crucial after a bronchoscopy to prevent aspiration.
2. Gag reflex helps protect the airway from foreign substances entering the lungs.
3. Providing food or water without assessing the gag reflex can lead to aspiration pneumonia.
4. It is essential to ensure the client's safety before allowing any intake post-bronchoscopy.
Summary:
A: Calling the physician for a prescription is not necessary at this immediate stage.
B: Ice chips may still pose a risk if the client cannot protect their airway.
D: Allowing a sip without assessing gag reflex may lead to aspiration.
Which lifestyle modification is recommended for individuals with heart failure?
- A. Sedentary lifestyle
- B. Smoking
- C. Regular physical activity
- D. Excessive alcohol consumption
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Regular physical activity. Physical activity is recommended for individuals with heart failure as it can help improve cardiovascular health, strengthen the heart muscle, and enhance overall well-being. Exercise can also help manage symptoms of heart failure and improve quality of life.
The other choices are incorrect:
A: Sedentary lifestyle can worsen heart failure symptoms and lead to deconditioning.
B: Smoking is harmful for heart health and can exacerbate heart failure.
D: Excessive alcohol consumption can weaken the heart muscle and contribute to heart failure complications.