Nokea
When instructing the client with chronic stable angina it should be emphasized that angina may be brought on by many precipitating factors including the following:
- A. Rest
- B. Sudden change in position
- C. Severe depression
- D. Consumption of a heavy meal
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step 1: Consumption of a heavy meal can lead to increased blood flow to the digestive system, causing a temporary reduction in blood flow to the heart muscle.
Step 2: This reduction can trigger angina symptoms in individuals with chronic stable angina.
Step 3: Emphasizing this to the client helps in understanding potential triggers to manage their condition effectively.
Step 4: Rest (A) is usually recommended to relieve angina, sudden change in position (B) is not a common trigger, and severe depression (C) can exacerbate angina but is not a direct precipitating factor like heavy meals.
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Which ion is formed as a result of the action of carbonic anhydrase on carbon dioxide and water?
- A. Sodium ion (Na+)
- B. Bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)
- C. Hydroxide ion (OH-)
- D. Potassium ion (K+)
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step 1: Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the reaction between carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O).
Step 2: This reaction forms carbonic acid (H2CO3).
Step 3: Carbonic acid then dissociates into bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) and hydrogen ion (H+).
Step 4: Therefore, the ion formed as a result of the action of carbonic anhydrase on CO2 and H2O is the bicarbonate ion (HCO3-).
Summary:
- Choice A (Sodium ion) is incorrect as it is not involved in the reaction with carbonic anhydrase.
- Choice C (Hydroxide ion) is incorrect as it is not a product of the reaction but rather a different compound.
- Choice D (Potassium ion) is incorrect as it is not related to the reaction between carbon dioxide and water.
The term hypercapnia refers to
- A. the cessation of breathing
- B. elevated PCO2
- C. elevated PO2
- D. an increase in pH
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step 1: Understand the term - Hypercapnia means increased levels of CO2 in the blood.
Step 2: Elevated PCO2 directly relates to increased CO2 levels.
Step 3: This condition can lead to respiratory issues due to excess CO2.
Step 4: Therefore, choice B, elevated PCO2, is the correct answer.
Summary: Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as hypercapnia specifically refers to increased CO2 levels, not the cessation of breathing, elevated PO2, or an increase in pH.
Mammalian lungs have numerous alveoli for
- A. Increasing the volume of inspired air
- B. Keeping the lungs in proper shape
- C. Higher number of muscles to provide greater elasticity
- D. Increasing surface area for gaseous diffusion
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because alveoli increase the surface area for gaseous diffusion, facilitating efficient exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs. Alveoli are tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs. Option A is incorrect as alveoli do not affect the volume of inspired air. Option B is incorrect as alveoli do not play a role in maintaining lung shape. Option C is incorrect as alveoli do not increase muscles in the lungs for elasticity. Therefore, the primary function of alveoli is to increase surface area for gaseous diffusion, making option D the correct choice.
A nurse cares for a client who had a bronchoscopy 2 hours ago. The client asks for a drink of water. Which action should the nurse take next?
- A. Call the physician and request a prescription for food and water.
- B. Provide the client with ice chips instead of a drink of water.
- C. Assess the client's gag reflex before giving any food or water.
- D. Let the client have a small sip to see whether he or she can swallow.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Correct Answer: C
Rationale:
1. Assessing the client's gag reflex is crucial after a bronchoscopy to prevent aspiration.
2. Gag reflex helps protect the airway from foreign substances entering the lungs.
3. Providing food or water without assessing the gag reflex can lead to aspiration pneumonia.
4. It is essential to ensure the client's safety before allowing any intake post-bronchoscopy.
Summary:
A: Calling the physician for a prescription is not necessary at this immediate stage.
B: Ice chips may still pose a risk if the client cannot protect their airway.
D: Allowing a sip without assessing gag reflex may lead to aspiration.
Which of the following nursing activities is most important when a client comes back from a respiratory test if they have respiratory problems?
- A. Allow the client to rest
- B. Assess the client’s airway
- C. Teach the client important information
- D. Teach the family about respiratory disease
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. Assessing the airway is critical immediately after a respiratory test, especially if the client has pre-existing respiratory issues. A (rest) is secondary until stability is confirmed. C and D involve education, which is important but not urgent compared to ensuring airway patency.