Nokea
Carbonic anhydrase in the RBC is the fastest enzyme and it decomposes in one second for fast action. Its concentration in the blood is due to the presence of
- A. Plasma
- B. Carbon dioxide
- C. Sodium ions
- D. Hemoglobin
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Hemoglobin. Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme found in red blood cells that rapidly catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide into bicarbonate ions. Hemoglobin plays a crucial role in transporting carbon dioxide in the blood. The high concentration of hemoglobin in red blood cells allows for efficient binding and transport of carbon dioxide, leading to the need for a rapid enzyme like carbonic anhydrase to facilitate its conversion. Plasma (choice A) does not directly influence the concentration of carbonic anhydrase. Carbon dioxide (choice B) is the substrate for carbonic anhydrase, not the reason for its concentration. Sodium ions (choice C) do not directly affect the action of carbonic anhydrase in red blood cells.
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A nursing instructor asks a nursing student to describe the route of transmission of tuberculosis. The instructor concludes that the student understands this information if the student states that tuberculosis is transmitted by:
- A. Hand to mouth
- B. The airborne route
- C. The fecal-oral route
- D. Blood and body fluids
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: The airborne route. Tuberculosis is primarily transmitted through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes, releasing droplets containing the TB bacteria. These droplets can be inhaled by others, leading to the transmission of the disease. This mode of transmission is supported by scientific evidence and is well-documented in medical literature.
Choice A (Hand to mouth) is incorrect because TB is not typically transmitted through direct contact with contaminated hands to mouth. Choice C (The fecal-oral route) is incorrect as TB is not transmitted through fecal-oral route but primarily through respiratory droplets. Choice D (Blood and body fluids) is incorrect as TB is not commonly transmitted through blood or body fluids, but rather through respiratory droplets in the air.
The charge nurse on a medical unit is preparing to admit several "clients" who have possible pandemic flu during a preparedness drill. What action by the nurse is best?
- A. Admit the "clients" on Contact Precautions.
- B. Inquire as to recent travel outside the United States.
- C. Do not allow pregnant caregivers to care for these "clients."
- D. Place the "clients" on enhanced Droplet Precautions.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because in a pandemic flu scenario, it is crucial to inquire about recent travel history to identify potential exposure risks. This information can help determine if the "clients" have been in high-risk areas or in contact with infected individuals. This step is essential for implementing appropriate infection control measures and preventing the spread of the virus.
Choice A is incorrect because Contact Precautions are not typically used for airborne infections like the flu. Choice C is incorrect as it discriminates against pregnant caregivers without any evidence-based rationale. Choice D is incorrect because enhanced Droplet Precautions are more suitable for diseases spread through respiratory droplets, not necessarily for pandemic flu with potential airborne transmission.
The concentration of nitrogen in the earth's atmosphere is approximately
- A. 78 percent.
- B. 66 percent.
- C. 50 percent
- D. 33 percent
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: 78 percent. The rationale is based on the fact that nitrogen makes up approximately 78% of the Earth's atmosphere. This is a well-known scientific fact supported by various studies and measurements. Option B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not align with the established data on the composition of the Earth's atmosphere. Nitrogen is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere, followed by oxygen, which is around 21%. Therefore, option A is the correct choice based on scientific evidence and consensus.
The nurse is caring for a patient who has returned to the unit following a bronchoscopy. The patient is asking for something to drink. Which criterion will determine when the nurse should allow the patient to drink fluids?
- A. Presence of a cough and gag reflex
- B. Absence of nausea
- C. Ability to demonstrate deep inspiration
- D. Oxygen saturation of ≥92%
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A, presence of a cough and gag reflex. After a bronchoscopy, it is crucial for the nurse to ensure the patient has a cough and gag reflex before allowing them to drink fluids to prevent aspiration. Cough reflex helps clear secretions, and gag reflex prevents fluids from entering the airway. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not directly relate to the safety of the patient's ability to swallow post-bronchoscopy.
Mammalian lungs have numerous alveoli for
- A. Increasing the volume of inspired air
- B. Keeping the lungs in proper shape
- C. Higher number of muscles to provide greater elasticity
- D. Increasing surface area for gaseous diffusion
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because alveoli increase the surface area for gaseous diffusion, facilitating efficient exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs. Alveoli are tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs. Option A is incorrect as alveoli do not affect the volume of inspired air. Option B is incorrect as alveoli do not play a role in maintaining lung shape. Option C is incorrect as alveoli do not increase muscles in the lungs for elasticity. Therefore, the primary function of alveoli is to increase surface area for gaseous diffusion, making option D the correct choice.