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Following an asthmatic attack, a mother asks the physician how to prevent another asthmatic attack. The physician should:
- A. Tell her that asthmatic attacks cannot be prevented.
- B. Help the mother identify triggers that cause asthmatic attacks and show her how to avoid them.
- C. Change her medication.
- D. Immediately move her family to a dry climate.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. Identifying and avoiding triggers is key to preventing asthma attacks. A is incorrect because prevention is possible. C (changing medication) may help but is secondary. D (moving to a dry climate) is impractical and unnecessary.
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Which ion is formed as a result of the action of carbonic anhydrase on carbon dioxide and water?
- A. Sodium ion (Na+)
- B. Bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)
- C. Hydroxide ion (OH-)
- D. Potassium ion (K+)
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step 1: Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the reaction between carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O).
Step 2: This reaction forms carbonic acid (H2CO3).
Step 3: Carbonic acid then dissociates into bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) and hydrogen ion (H+).
Step 4: Therefore, the ion formed as a result of the action of carbonic anhydrase on CO2 and H2O is the bicarbonate ion (HCO3-).
Summary:
- Choice A (Sodium ion) is incorrect as it is not involved in the reaction with carbonic anhydrase.
- Choice C (Hydroxide ion) is incorrect as it is not a product of the reaction but rather a different compound.
- Choice D (Potassium ion) is incorrect as it is not related to the reaction between carbon dioxide and water.
When instructing the client with chronic stable angina it should be emphasized that angina may be brought on by many precipitating factors including the following:
- A. Rest
- B. Sudden change in position
- C. Severe depression
- D. Consumption of a heavy meal
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step 1: Consumption of a heavy meal can lead to increased blood flow to the digestive system, causing a temporary reduction in blood flow to the heart muscle.
Step 2: This reduction can trigger angina symptoms in individuals with chronic stable angina.
Step 3: Emphasizing this to the client helps in understanding potential triggers to manage their condition effectively.
Step 4: Rest (A) is usually recommended to relieve angina, sudden change in position (B) is not a common trigger, and severe depression (C) can exacerbate angina but is not a direct precipitating factor like heavy meals.
How many lobes does each lung have, and which lung has a cardiac notch?
- A. right lung has 2 lobes, the left lung has 3 lobes; the right lung has a cardiac notch
- B. right lung has 3 lobes, the left lung has 2 lobes; the right lung has a cardiac notch
- C. right lung has 2 lobes, the left lung has 3 lobes; the left lung has a cardiac notch
- D. right lung has 3 lobes, the left lung has 2 lobes; the left lung has a cardiac notch
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step 1: Identifying lobes - The right lung has 3 lobes (upper, middle, lower) while the left lung has 2 lobes (upper, lower).
Step 2: Cardiac notch - The cardiac notch is a concave space on the left lung where the heart lies. Therefore, the left lung has a cardiac notch.
Step 3: Correct choice - Option D states that the right lung has 3 lobes, the left lung has 2 lobes, and the left lung has a cardiac notch, which aligns with the anatomical features of the lungs.
Step 4: Incorrect choices - Choices A, B, and C have incorrect combinations of lobes and the presence of a cardiac notch, making them incorrect.
A nurse is preparing to obtain a sputum specimen from a male client. Which of the following nursing actions will facilitate obtaining the specimen?
- A. Limiting fluid.
- B. Having the client take deep breaths.
- C. Asking the client to spit into the collection container.
- D. Asking the client to obtain the specimen after eating.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Having the client take deep breaths. This action facilitates obtaining a sputum specimen by helping the client to cough and expectorate sputum effectively. Deep breaths help to mobilize secretions, making it easier for the client to produce a quality specimen. Limiting fluid intake (choice A) can lead to dehydration and thickening of secretions, making it harder to obtain a specimen. Asking the client to spit into the container (choice C) may result in contamination with saliva. Asking the client to obtain the specimen after eating (choice D) can introduce food particles into the specimen, affecting the accuracy of the test.
Exhaling into a paper bag and rebreathing the exhaled air would be expected to
- A. alert the brain.
- B. increase the breathing rate.
- C. stimulate the carotid bodies.
- D. b and c only
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Exhaling into a paper bag and rebreathing the exhaled air leads to an increase in carbon dioxide levels in the body. This increase stimulates the carotid bodies, which detect changes in blood chemistry, leading to an increase in breathing rate. This process does not directly alert the brain, as high carbon dioxide levels typically cause drowsiness rather than alertness. Therefore, the correct answer is D, as it correctly identifies the effects of rebreathing on both breathing rate and carotid body stimulation. Choice A is incorrect because rebreathing does not directly alert the brain. Choice B is incorrect as rebreathing actually decreases the need for increased breathing rate initially. Choice C alone is incorrect as it does not address the effect on breathing rate.