Nokea
Which of the following structures most is responsible for determining pulmonary resistance?
- A. visceral and parietal pleura
- B. Trachea
- C. Bronchi
- D. Bronchioles
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Bronchioles. Bronchioles are the smallest airways in the lungs and play a crucial role in determining pulmonary resistance. They have smooth muscle surrounding them, which can contract or relax to regulate airflow and resistance. Constriction of bronchioles increases resistance, while dilation decreases it. Visceral and parietal pleura (A) are membranes that cover the lungs and chest wall, not directly involved in determining pulmonary resistance. The trachea (B) and bronchi (C) are larger airways that mainly serve as conduits for air passage and do not have as significant an impact on resistance as the bronchioles do.
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In human beings, partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the inspired and expired air is respectively
- A. 0.3 and 40 mm Hg
- B. 0.3 and 32 mm Hg
- C. 40 and 46 mm Hg
- D. 40 and 0.3 mm Hg
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B (0.3 and 32 mm Hg) because in inspired air, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide is low at around 0.3 mm Hg, whereas in expired air, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide is higher at around 32 mm Hg due to gas exchange in the lungs.
Choice A (0.3 and 40 mm Hg) is incorrect because the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in inspired air is not typically as high as 40 mm Hg.
Choice C (40 and 46 mm Hg) is incorrect because the values are reversed; the partial pressure of carbon dioxide is higher in expired air compared to inspired air.
Choice D (40 and 0.3 mm Hg) is incorrect as the values are reversed, and the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in inspired air is not typically as high as 40 mm Hg.
A nursing instructor asks a nursing student to describe the route of transmission of tuberculosis. The instructor concludes that the student understands this information if the student states that tuberculosis is transmitted by:
- A. Hand to mouth
- B. The airborne route
- C. The fecal-oral route
- D. Blood and body fluids
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: The airborne route. Tuberculosis is primarily transmitted through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes, releasing droplets containing the TB bacteria. These droplets can be inhaled by others, leading to the transmission of the disease. This mode of transmission is supported by scientific evidence and is well-documented in medical literature.
Choice A (Hand to mouth) is incorrect because TB is not typically transmitted through direct contact with contaminated hands to mouth. Choice C (The fecal-oral route) is incorrect as TB is not transmitted through fecal-oral route but primarily through respiratory droplets. Choice D (Blood and body fluids) is incorrect as TB is not commonly transmitted through blood or body fluids, but rather through respiratory droplets in the air.
You are supervising a student nurse who is performing tracheostomy care for a client. For which action should you intervene?
- A. The student nurse suctions the tracheostomy tube prior to performing tracheostomy care.
- B. The student nurse removes old dressings and cleans off excess secretions.
- C. The student nurse removes the inner cannula and cleans using universal precautions.
- D. The student nurse replaces the inner cannula and cleans the stoma site.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A. Suctioning prior to tracheostomy care is incorrect because it increases the risk of introducing infection. Removing old dressings and cleaning secretions (B), removing and cleaning the inner cannula (C), and replacing the inner cannula and cleaning the stoma site (D) are standard steps in tracheostomy care.
pharynx is a muscular tube with a length of
- A. 13cm
- B. 12cm
- C. Sinches
- D. both a and c
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: 13cm. The human pharynx is typically around 13cm in length. This length allows for the proper passage of food and liquids from the mouth to the esophagus. Choice B (12cm) is incorrect as it is slightly shorter than the average length of the pharynx. Choice C (5 inches) is also incorrect as it does not correspond to the standard unit of measurement for medical lengths. Choice D (both a and c) is incorrect as 12cm and 5 inches are not equivalent lengths for the pharynx.
A SCUBA diver has been deep underwater and suddenly rises to the surface too fast. Why does the diver get decompression sickness?
- A. Pressure decreases and carbon dioxide rushes into cells
- B. Pressure changes too fast and the carbon dioxide in the blood forms bubbles
- C. Pressure decreases too fast and nitrogen gas in the blood forms bubbles
- D. The gas in the SCUBA tank had too much pressure and rapid ascent forces too much air into the blood
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because as the SCUBA diver rises too fast, the pressure decreases rapidly. This causes the nitrogen gas that was dissolved in the blood at high pressure to form bubbles, leading to decompression sickness. Choice A is incorrect because carbon dioxide rushing into cells is not the cause of decompression sickness. Choice B is incorrect because it refers to carbon dioxide forming bubbles in the blood, which is not the mechanism of decompression sickness. Choice D is incorrect because it focuses on excess air from the SCUBA tank entering the blood, which is not the primary reason for decompression sickness.