Nokea
Potassium-sparing diuretics primarily affect which part of the kidney?
- A. Proximal convoluted tubule
- B. Loop of Henle
- C. Collecting duct
- D. Distal convoluted tubule
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Distal convoluted tubule. Potassium-sparing diuretics, such as spironolactone, act on the distal convoluted tubule by blocking the aldosterone receptor, which leads to decreased sodium reabsorption and potassium retention. This mechanism helps to promote diuresis while preventing potassium loss. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because potassium-sparing diuretics do not primarily affect the proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, or collecting duct in the kidney.
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Which of the following is not an effect of the drug isoflurane?
- A. Elevated lipid levels
- B. Nausea
- C. Increased blood flow to the brain
- D. Decreased respiratory function
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Elevated lipid levels. Isoflurane does not cause elevated lipid levels. Isoflurane is a general anesthetic that primarily affects the central nervous system, leading to effects like decreased respiratory function and increased blood flow to the brain. Nausea can also be a side effect of isoflurane due to its impact on the gastrointestinal system. However, there is no direct link between isoflurane and elevated lipid levels. Thus, choice A is the correct answer.
Which of the following is not a side effect of Sympathoplegics (Clonidine)?
- A. Hypertension
- B. Difficulty breathing
- C. Dry oral cavity
- D. Lethargic behavior
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Hypertension is not a side effect of Sympathoplegics (Clonidine). Sympathoplegics are medications that inhibit the sympathetic nervous system, leading to decreased heart rate and blood pressure. Therefore, hypertension is not a common side effect. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because difficulty breathing, dry oral cavity, and lethargic behavior are potential side effects of Sympathoplegics due to their central nervous system depressant effects.
Which of the following is the antidote for benzodiazepine toxicity?
- A. Flumazenil
- B. Methylene blue
- C. Deferoxamine
- D. Alkalinize urine
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Flumazenil. Flumazenil is a specific benzodiazepine receptor antagonist that can reverse the effects of benzodiazepine toxicity by competitively inhibiting the binding of benzodiazepines to their receptors. It works by reversing the sedative and respiratory depressant effects of benzodiazepines. Methylene blue (B) is used to treat methemoglobinemia, not benzodiazepine toxicity. Deferoxamine (C) is used for iron toxicity. Alkalinizing urine (D) is used to enhance the excretion of weak acids in the urine, not for benzodiazepine toxicity.
A drug ending in the suffix (pril) is considered a ______.
- A. H
- B. ACE inhibitor
- C. Antifungal
- D. Beta agonist
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: ACE inhibitor. Drugs ending in the suffix (-pril) typically refer to ACE inhibitors, which are commonly used to treat hypertension and heart failure by inhibiting the angiotensin-converting enzyme. ACE inhibitors do not belong to the categories mentioned in the other choices. Choice A (H) is vague and does not provide any relevant information. Choice C (Antifungal) is incorrect as drugs ending in (-pril) are not typically used to treat fungal infections. Choice D (Beta agonist) is also incorrect as drugs ending in (-pril) do not belong to the class of beta agonists, which are used to treat conditions like asthma and COPD.
Which of the following conditions is not treated with Prednisone?
- A. Cushing's disease
- B. Testicular cancer
- C. Lymphomas
- D. Chronic leukemias
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Prednisone is a corticosteroid used to treat inflammatory conditions and certain types of cancer. Testicular cancer is not typically treated with Prednisone because it is a form of cancer that requires specific treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy. Prednisone is not the primary treatment option for testicular cancer. In contrast, Prednisone is commonly used to manage symptoms in conditions like Cushing's disease, lymphomas, and chronic leukemias by reducing inflammation and suppressing immune response. Therefore, choice B is the correct answer as Prednisone is not a standard treatment for testicular cancer.