Nokea
Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) is a prohormone for __________.
- A. ACTH
- B. growth hormone
- C. thyroxin
- D. insulin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale: POMC is processed into various peptide hormones, including adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH is produced by the pituitary gland and stimulates the adrenal glands to release cortisol. This is why option A is correct. Growth hormone, thyroxin, and insulin are not derived from POMC, making options B, C, and D incorrect.
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Aldosterone ________.
- A. is secreted by the neurohypophysis
- B. functions to increase sodium reabsorption
- C. presence increases potassium concentration in the blood
- D. production is greatly influenced by ACTH
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Aldosterone functions to increase sodium reabsorption. Aldosterone is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands that acts on the kidneys to enhance the reabsorption of sodium and water and excretion of potassium. This helps regulate blood pressure and electrolyte balance. The other choices are incorrect because: A: Aldosterone is not secreted by the neurohypophysis, but by the adrenal glands. C: Aldosterone actually decreases potassium concentration in the blood. D: Aldosterone production is primarily regulated by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, not greatly influenced by ACTH.
Which of the following drugs is expected to cause anticholinergic adverse effects:
- A. Codeine
- B. Ciprofloxacin
- C. Amitriptyline
- D. Propranolol
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Amitriptyline. Amitriptyline is a tricyclic antidepressant known for its anticholinergic properties, causing dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision, and urinary retention. Anticholinergic effects result from blocking the action of acetylcholine in the parasympathetic nervous system. Codeine (A) is an opioid, Ciprofloxacin (B) is an antibiotic, and Propranolol (D) is a beta-blocker, none of which are expected to cause significant anticholinergic effects.
Mr. M has just had a subtotal thyroidectomy. During the first 12 hours postoperatively, which of the following should be included in his nursing care?
- A. Instructing the patient to avoid moving the head
- B. Monitoring for signs of hemorrhage and shock
- C. Administering medications to reduce thyroid hormone levels
- D. Preparing the patient for thyroid replacement therapy
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Postoperative care after a thyroidectomy focuses on monitoring for complications like hemorrhage, which can be life-threatening.
In relation to the molecular mechanism of action of sympathomimetics, the following is CORRECT:
- A. Beta receptor stimulation increases c-GMP
- B. Alpha 2 receptor stimulation stimulates adenyl cyclase
- C. Alpha 2 receptor stimulation increases c-AMP
- D. Alpha 1 receptor stimulation releases IP3 and DAG
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Alpha 1 receptor stimulation releases IP3 and DAG. When alpha 1 receptors are stimulated by sympathomimetics, they activate G-proteins which then stimulate phospholipase C. Phospholipase C cleaves phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) into inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). IP3 triggers the release of calcium from intracellular stores, leading to smooth muscle contraction, while DAG activates protein kinase C to initiate various cellular responses. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because beta receptor stimulation increases cAMP, alpha 2 receptor stimulation inhibits adenyl cyclase leading to decreased cAMP levels, and alpha 2 receptor stimulation does not increase cAMP.
The patient with newly diagnosed diabetes is displaying shakiness, confusion, irritability, and slurred speech. What should the nurse suspect is happening?
- A. DKA
- B. Hypoglycemia
- C. HHS
- D. Hyperglycemia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Shakiness, confusion, irritability, and slurred speech are common symptoms of hypoglycemia, which should be addressed promptly.