Nokea
PTH:
- A. lowers plasma calcium.
- B. stimulates osteoclastic activity.
- C. is an iodine-containing hormone.
- D. stimulates osteoblastic activity and causes blood calcium levels to increase.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: stimulates osteoclastic activity. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) acts on bones to stimulate osteoclasts, which are responsible for breaking down bone tissue to release calcium into the bloodstream. This process helps increase blood calcium levels. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because PTH actually increases plasma calcium levels, is not an iodine-containing hormone, and does not stimulate osteoblastic activity.
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State what the oesophagus connects to?
- A. Throat to lungs
- B. Duodenum to gall bladder
- C. Pancreas to duodenum
- D. Throat to stomach
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Throat to stomach. The esophagus connects the throat (pharynx) to the stomach, allowing food to pass from the mouth to the stomach for digestion. Choice A is incorrect as the esophagus does not connect the throat to the lungs. Choices B and C are also incorrect as they mention connections that do not involve the esophagus. The esophagus specifically functions to transport food and liquids from the mouth to the stomach for further digestion.
Which of the following drugs does not pass the blood-brain barrier:
- A. Ephedrine
- B. Propranolol
- C. Clonidine
- D. Guanethidine
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Guanethidine. Guanethidine is a quaternary amine, which prevents it from passing the blood-brain barrier due to its charge. The blood-brain barrier is selective and only allows certain molecules to pass through. In contrast, choices A, B, and C (Ephedrine, Propranolol, Clonidine) are all capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier to some extent due to their chemical properties. Ephedrine is a weak base, Propranolol is lipophilic, and Clonidine is relatively small in size, allowing them to penetrate the blood-brain barrier.
You are caring for a patient who is post-hypophysectomy for hyperpituitarism. Which post-operative finding requires immediate intervention?
- A. Presence of glucose in nasal drainage
- B. Nasal packing present in nares
- C. Urine output of 40-50 mL per hour
- D. Patient complaints of thirst
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The presence of glucose in nasal drainage after hypophysectomy may indicate a cerebrospinal fluid leak, which requires immediate medical intervention.
How do hormones respond following the ingestion of a high-protein, carbohydrate-free meal?
- A. Both insulin and glucagon are inhibited because blood glucose levels are unchanged.
- B. Insulin is inhibited by low glucose levels and glucagon is released to promote gluconeogenesis.
- C. Insulin is released to facilitate the breakdown of amino acids into glucose and glucagon is inhibited.
- D. Glucagon is released to promote gluconeogenesis and insulin is released to facilitate movement of amino acids into muscle cells.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: After a high-protein, carbohydrate-free meal, glucagon promotes gluconeogenesis to maintain glucose levels, while insulin facilitates amino acid transport into muscle cells.
Insulin, cortisol, thyroxine, and oxytocin:
- A. are hypothalamic-releasing hormones.
- B. are secreted by the adenohypophysis.
- C. increase blood glucose levels.
- D. are hormones.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Insulin, cortisol, thyroxine, and oxytocin are all hormones produced by various glands in the body.
2. Insulin is produced by the pancreas, cortisol by the adrenal glands, thyroxine by the thyroid gland, and oxytocin by the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland.
3. Each of these hormones plays a different role in the body, such as regulating blood glucose levels, metabolism, stress response, and reproductive functions.
4. Therefore, the correct answer is D: they are all hormones.
Summary:
A: Incorrect. Hypothalamic-releasing hormones are specific hormones that stimulate the release of other hormones from the pituitary gland.
B: Incorrect. Adenohypophysis secretes different hormones, not these specific ones.
C: Incorrect. Insulin, for example, decreases blood glucose levels, while cortisol increases blood glucose levels.