Nokea
Pyloric glands when compared to fundic glands show the following EXCEPT:
- A. Their pits are wider
- B. Their pits are shorter
- C. Their acini are more coiled and branched
- D. The main cell type is similar to mucous neck cells of fundus
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Pyloric glands have deeper pits (about half the mucosal thickness) compared to the shorter pits of fundic glands.
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Urine leaves the body through a tube called
- A. the urethra
- B. the ureter
- C. the bladder
- D. the nephron
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The urethra is the tube through which urine exits the body.
Based on knowledge of the pancreas's role in digestion, what substance produced by the pancreas may be required as a supplement for long-term health management after its surgical removal?
- A. Pancreatic enzymes
- B. Vitamin B12
- C. Gastrin
- D. Bile salts
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Pancreatic enzyme supplements are needed post-pancreatectomy to aid digestion.
Peristalsis moves food material:
- A. in the stomach and small intestine only
- B. in the small and large intestines only
- C. in the stomach and small and large intestines only
- D. from the pharynx to the anal canal
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Peristalsis is a wave-like muscle contraction that moves food material through the entire gastrointestinal tract.
What is the name of the cells that secrete hydrochloric acid into the stomach?
- A. Gastric pits
- B. Chief cells
- C. Parietal cells
- D. Enteroendocrine cells
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) into the stomach to aid in digestion. Gastric pits are structures, not cells; chief cells secrete pepsinogen; enteroendocrine cells release hormones.
A patient who has undergone gastrectomy (removal of the stomach) may suffer from:
- A. cirrhosis
- B. pernicious anemia
- C. gastric ulcer
- D. inability to digest fats
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Gastrectomy can lead to pernicious anemia due to reduced intrinsic factor production, necessary for vitamin B12 absorption.