Nokea
Regarding parasympathetic nervous system
- A. Supply all viscera
- B. Have connector cells in brainstem and sacrum
- C. ?
- D. ?
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The parasympathetic nervous system has connector cells in the brainstem (cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X) and the sacral spinal cord (S2-S4). It is responsible for rest-and-digest functions.
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A patient has a lesion involving the fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus of the spinal cord. What should the nurse expect the patient to experience the loss of?
- A. Pain and temperature sensations
- B. Touch, deep pressure, vibration, and position sense
- C. Subconscious information about body position and muscle tension
- D. Voluntary muscle control from the cerebral cortex to the peripheral nerves
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus are responsible for transmitting touch, deep pressure, vibration, and position sense.
Parkinsonism includes combination of the following:
- A. tremor, bradykinesia & muscles rigidity
- B. paresis, anesthesia & muscles spasticity
- C. chorea & muscles hypotonia
- D. tremor, ataxia & muscles hypotonia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Tremor, bradykinesia, and muscle rigidity are the correct answers because these are the cardinal features of Parkinsonism. Bradykinesia refers to slowness of movement, rigidity refers to increased muscle tone, and tremor is often present at rest. These symptoms result from the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra.
The effect of calcium ions on neurotransmitter release at synapses include:
- A. vesicular fusion
- B. tonic depolarization of the presynaptic neurone
- C. post-tetanic potentiation
- D. all above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Calcium ions trigger vesicular fusion, contribute to post-tetanic potentiation, and can cause tonic depolarization in the presynaptic neuron. These effects are essential for synaptic plasticity and neurotransmission.
A fatal infectious disease known as: 'Mad cow disease' is medically known as:
- A. Spongiform meningitus.
- B. Spongiform Spirilosis.
- C. Meningial encephalopathy.
- D. Spongiform encephalopathy.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Spongiform encephalopathy, commonly known as 'mad cow disease' or Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD), is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder caused by abnormal prion proteins. These proteins induce the misfolding of normal cellular proteins in the brain, leading to brain damage and the characteristic spongy appearance of brain tissue. The disease is transmissible and has no known cure, making it a significant public health concern.
Which of the following findings may indicate a problem with the cerebellum?
- A. Unsteady gait and difficulty with fine motor skills.
- B. Clear and coordinated movements.
- C. Normal gait and balance.
- D. Symmetrical muscle strength.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The cerebellum controls coordination and balance. Unsteady gait and difficulty with fine motor skills suggest cerebellar dysfunction. Clear movements, normal gait, and symmetrical strength are normal findings.