Nokea
Regarding the circle of Willis
- A. Posterior cerebral is a branch of the internal carotid
- B. Anterior cerebral is the largest branch of the internal carotid
- C. Middle cerebral supplies motor but not sensory cortex
- D. Internal carotid gives off ophthalmic artery
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The internal carotid artery gives off the ophthalmic artery, which supplies the eye and orbit. The circle of Willis provides collateral circulation to the brain.
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Which is the only current medicinal treatment for ALS, which appears to affect the release of the neurotransmitter glutamate?
- A. riluzole
- B. benserazide
- C. carbidopa
- D. levodopa
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Riluzole is the only FDA-approved medication for ALS. It works by reducing the release of glutamate, a neurotransmitter that can cause excitotoxicity and damage neurons when present in excessive amounts.
The nurse suspects that a patient will be diagnosed as being in a comatose state based upon the Glasgow Coma Scale score. What score does the patient need to have to be identified as comatose?
- A. 7
- B. 9
- C. 11
- D. 13
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: A GCS score of 7 or less indicates a comatose state, while a score of 15 indicates full alertness. Scores of 9, 11, and 13 suggest varying degrees of neurological impairment but not coma. Recognizing a comatose state is critical for patient management.
A fatal infectious disease known as: 'Mad cow disease' is medically known as:
- A. Spongiform meningitus.
- B. Spongiform Spirilosis.
- C. Meningial encephalopathy.
- D. Spongiform encephalopathy.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Spongiform encephalopathy, commonly known as 'mad cow disease' or Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD), is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder caused by abnormal prion proteins. These proteins induce the misfolding of normal cellular proteins in the brain, leading to brain damage and the characteristic spongy appearance of brain tissue. The disease is transmissible and has no known cure, making it a significant public health concern.
A patient is admitted to the emergency department with a spinal cord injury at the level of T2. Which finding is of most concern to the nurse?
- A. SpO2 of 92%
- B. Heart rate of 42 bpm
- C. Blood pressure of 88/60 mm Hg
- D. Loss of motor and sensory function in arms and legs
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Bradycardia is concerning due to autonomic dysreflexia.
The Peripheral Nervous System is made up of the:
- A. brain and spinal cord.
- B. spinal cord and spinal nerves.
- C. spinal nerves and brain.
- D. All of the above.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The peripheral nervous system (PNS) includes all the nerves outside the central nervous system, such as spinal nerves and cranial nerves. It connects the CNS to the limbs, organs, and skin, allowing for the transmission of sensory and motor signals. The PNS is divided into the somatic nervous system, which controls voluntary movements, and the autonomic nervous system, which regulates involuntary functions like heart rate and digestion.