Nokea
Reinforcer function as a reward
- A. Primary
- B. Secondary
- C. Both
- D. None of these
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Primary (innate) and secondary (learned) reinforcers reward behavior.
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A patient has smoked two packs of cigarettes daily for many years. When the patient does not smoke or tries to cut back, anxiety, craving, poor concentration, and headache result. What does this scenario describe?
- A. Substance abuse
- B. Substance intoxication
- C. Substance dependence
- D. Recreational use of a social drug
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Substance dependence. This scenario describes a pattern of symptoms indicative of substance dependence, which includes tolerance, withdrawal symptoms when trying to cut back, unsuccessful attempts to quit, and continued use despite negative consequences. The patient's reliance on cigarettes to manage anxiety, craving, poor concentration, and headache indicates a psychological and physical dependence on nicotine.
A: Substance abuse typically involves harmful use of a substance but does not necessarily include physiological dependence.
B: Substance intoxication refers to the immediate effects of a substance in the body, not the long-term pattern of dependence.
D: Recreational use of a social drug implies occasional and non-regular use, which does not align with the described scenario of chronic, daily smoking leading to withdrawal symptoms.
How many categories of test used in guidance:
- A. 5
- B. 4
- C. 6
- D. 3
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Guidance tests (e.g., aptitude, interest, personality, achievement, intelligence) are typically categorized as 5.
You are caring for a client who has been taking illicit amphetamines and states that they continue to use this illicit drug because they 'suffer and feel lousy' when they try to stop taking it. Which nursing diagnosis is the most appropriate for this client?
- A. Psychological dependence secondary to amphetamine use
- B. Substance abuse secondary to amphetamine use
- C. Addiction secondary to amphetamine use
- D. Physical dependence secondary to amphetamine use
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Physical dependence (D) is indicated by withdrawal symptoms.
Why are beta blockers given to patients experiencing anxiety?
- A. Help to slow heart rate and decrease blood pressure
- B. Ataxia
- C. Sexual dysfunction
- D. Urinary retention
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Beta blockers are given for anxiety as they help slow heart rate and decrease blood pressure, reducing physical symptoms of anxiety like palpitations and sweating. This is achieved by blocking the effects of adrenaline on the heart and blood vessels. Ataxia, sexual dysfunction, and urinary retention are not typical side effects of beta blockers and are not relevant to their use in treating anxiety.
The psychological test that measures creativity is
- A. Rorschach
- B. MMPI
- C. WAIS
- D. TAT
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: TAT assesses creativity through story originality.