Nokea
Respiratory distress syndrome is caused by:
- A. Poor quality of surfactant
- B. Inadequate surfactant levels
- C. Rib cage underdevelopment
- D. Gradual alveolar rupture
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Inadequate surfactant levels. Surfactant is a substance that reduces surface tension in the alveoli, preventing their collapse. In respiratory distress syndrome, premature infants have insufficient surfactant production, leading to collapsed alveoli and difficulty breathing. Choice A is incorrect because it focuses on quality rather than quantity of surfactant. Choice C is incorrect as rib cage underdevelopment is associated with congenital conditions like thoracic dystrophy, not RDS. Choice D is incorrect as gradual alveolar rupture is not a known cause of RDS.
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ed rosy appearance on the face and greatly reduced eliminations are among the features of
- A. Hypothermia neonatorum
- B. Hypoglycemia neonatorum
- C. Hyperthermia neonatorum
- D. Hypocalcemia neonatorum
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why choice C is correct:
1. Hyperthermia neonatorum refers to elevated body temperature in newborns.
2. The ed rosy appearance on the face is a common symptom of hyperthermia due to increased blood flow to the skin.
3. Greatly reduced eliminations can be a sign of dehydration associated with hyperthermia.
4. The other choices (hypothermia, hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia) do not align with the symptoms described.
Excessive bleeding from the genital tract after the first 24 hours, but within the puerperium period, is referred to as
- A. Primary postpartum haemorrhage
- B. Tertiary postpartum haemorrhage
- C. Secondary postpartum haemorrhage
- D. Incidental postpartum haemorrhage
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Secondary postpartum haemorrhage. This term refers to excessive bleeding from the genital tract after the first 24 hours but within the puerperium period (6 weeks postpartum).
A: Primary postpartum haemorrhage occurs within the first 24 hours after delivery.
B: Tertiary postpartum haemorrhage occurs more than 6 weeks postpartum.
D: Incidental postpartum haemorrhage is not a recognized medical term for postpartum bleeding.
Which one of the following drugs when used by a pregnant woman is likely to lead to oligohydramnios?
- A. Diazepam
- B. Captopril
- C. Ampicillin
- D. Pethidine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Captopril. Captopril is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that can lead to oligohydramnios in pregnant women due to its effect on reducing fetal renal function. This can result in decreased amniotic fluid levels. Diazepam (A) is a benzodiazepine used for anxiety and is not associated with oligohydramnios. Ampicillin (C) is an antibiotic commonly used during pregnancy and does not cause oligohydramnios. Pethidine (D) is an opioid analgesic with no known association with oligohydramnios in pregnancy.
Arched back and tightly clenched teeth are among the features of which stage of eclampsia:
- A. Clonic
- B. Tonic
- C. Premonitory
- D. Coma
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Tonic. During the tonic stage of eclampsia, the muscles go into a prolonged contraction leading to an arched back and tightly clenched teeth. This is due to sustained muscle rigidity. In contrast, the clonic stage involves rhythmic muscle contractions and relaxations, not sustained rigidity. The premonitory stage is characterized by warning signs like headaches and visual disturbances, not specific physical postures. Coma is a severe stage of unconsciousness, not associated with specific physical postures or muscle rigidity seen in the tonic stage of eclampsia.
Five (5) major factors predisposed to uterine rupture:
- A. Previous C-section, uterine scars, fetal macrosomia, trauma, prolonged labor
- B. Malpresentation, premature rupture of membranes, obesity, malnutrition, anemia
- C. Uterine fibroids, excessive weight gain, smoking, poor prenatal care
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer (A):
1. Previous C-section and uterine scars weaken the uterine wall.
2. Fetal macrosomia (large baby) increases pressure on the uterus.
3. Trauma can cause direct injury to the uterus.
4. Prolonged labor can lead to uterine overdistension and fatigue, increasing rupture risk.
Summary of Incorrect Choices:
B: Malpresentation, premature rupture of membranes, obesity, malnutrition, anemia are not direct factors for uterine rupture.
C: Uterine fibroids, excessive weight gain, smoking, poor prenatal care can contribute to complications but not primary causes of uterine rupture.
D: Not all factors in choices B and C are predisposing factors for uterine rupture, making this choice incorrect.