Nokea
Ribosomes associated with cells or organelles have a certain size, which is expressed in Svedberg units. Which associations are incorrect?
- A. cyanobacteria - 80s
- B. chloroplasts - 60s
- C. photosynthetic bacteria - 80s
- D. green algal cytoplasm - 80s
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because cyanobacteria have ribosomes measured in 70s, not 80s. Ribosomes in prokaryotes are either 70s (composed of 50s and 30s subunits) or 80s in eukaryotes (60s and 40s subunits). Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because chloroplasts, photosynthetic bacteria, and green algal cytoplasm all have ribosomes measured in 70s or 80s, consistent with their cell types.
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The joints most commonly involved with rheumatoid arthritis include:
- A. Symmetrical involvement of major joints.
- B. Small joints of hands and feet.
- C. Spine,from the sacrum upward to cervical.
- D. Slightly movable joints of the axial skeleton.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Rheumatoid arthritis primarily affects small joints symmetrically, especially those in the hands and feet. Major joints and axial skeleton involvement occurs but is less characteristic of early disease presentation.
As the hospital employee health nurse,you are completing a health history for a newly hired nursing assistant. Which information given by the new employee most indicates the need for further nursing action prior to orienting the nursing assistant to patient care?
- A. The new employee takes enalapril (Vasotec) for hypertension.
- B. The new employee is allergic to bananas,avocados and papayas.
- C. The new employee received a tetanus vaccination 3 years ago.
- D. The new employee’s TB skin test has a 5-mm induration at 48 hours.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: A 5-mm induration on a TB skin test is considered positive in healthcare workers indicating possible exposure to tuberculosis. This requires further evaluation and possibly treatment before the nursing assistant can safely care for patients. The other information while important does not pose an immediate risk to patient care.
Which condition is associated with increased susceptibility to bacterial infections due to complement deficiencies?
- A. Asthma
- B. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
- C. Streptococcus pneumoniae infections
- D. Chronic hepatitis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Streptococcus pneumoniae infections. Complement deficiencies impair the body's ability to fight bacterial infections, particularly encapsulated bacteria like Streptococcus pneumoniae. Asthma (A), SLE (B), and chronic hepatitis (D) are not directly associated with increased susceptibility to bacterial infections due to complement deficiencies. Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition, SLE is an autoimmune disease, and chronic hepatitis affects the liver. Therefore, only Streptococcus pneumoniae infections are directly linked to complement deficiencies.
What distinguishes adaptive immunity from innate immunity?
- A. It includes macrophages
- B. It is nonspecific and immediate
- C. It involves T and B lymphocytes
- D. It is based on physical barriers
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because adaptive immunity involves T and B lymphocytes that provide specific immune responses tailored to particular pathogens. T and B lymphocytes are key players in adaptive immunity, recognizing and targeting specific antigens. Choice A is incorrect because macrophages are part of innate immunity. Choice B is incorrect because innate immunity is nonspecific and immediate, while adaptive immunity is specific and takes time to develop. Choice D is incorrect because physical barriers are a characteristic of innate immunity, not adaptive immunity.
Determine the following diseases that are not thought to be an autoimmune disease.
- A. Rheumatoid arthritis
- B. Multiple sclerosis
- C. Cancer of the bone marrow
- D. Insulin-dependent diabetes
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, Cancer of the bone marrow. Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells. Rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and insulin-dependent diabetes are autoimmune diseases where the immune system targets specific tissues or organs. Cancer of the bone marrow, on the other hand, is a result of uncontrolled cell growth and division, not a malfunction of the immune system attacking the body's own tissues. Therefore, it is not considered an autoimmune disease.