Nokea
Routes for transmission of nosocomial infections are
- A. air droplets and fecal-oral mechanism
- B. air droplets and contact mechanism
- C. parenteral mechanism
- D. all are correct
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because nosocomial infections can be transmitted through various routes, including air droplets, fecal-oral mechanism, contact mechanism, and parenteral mechanism. Air droplets can carry infectious agents through the air, while contact with contaminated surfaces or individuals can spread infections. Fecal-oral transmission occurs through ingesting contaminated food or water. Parenteral transmission involves the introduction of pathogens directly into the bloodstream. Therefore, all the options listed in D are correct routes for transmission of nosocomial infections. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they do not encompass all possible routes of transmission for nosocomial infections.
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Ribosomes take part in:
- A. protein synthesis
- B. break down of different substances
- C. oxidative phosphorylation
- D. inactivation of antibiotics
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis, where they translate the genetic information from mRNA into specific amino acid sequences to form proteins. This process occurs in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Ribosomes do not participate in the breakdown of substances, which is mainly carried out by lysosomes or proteasomes. Oxidative phosphorylation involves the generation of ATP in mitochondria, not ribosomes. Ribosomes do not inactivate antibiotics; this is typically done by enzymes or chemical modifications. Therefore, the correct answer is A as ribosomes play a crucial role in protein synthesis.
Family Reoviridae does not include:
- A. Orthoreovirus type 3
- B. Orthomyxovirus type 1
- C. Orthoreovirus type 1
- D. Orthoreovirus type 2
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Orthomyxovirus type 1. Family Reoviridae includes Orthoreovirus types 1, 2, and 3. Orthomyxovirus belongs to a different family, Orthomyxoviridae. Therefore, B is the correct answer. Orthoreovirus types 1, 2, and 3 are part of the Reoviridae family. Choice A, C, and D are incorrect because they are all part of the Reoviridae family which includes Orthoreoviruses.
The correct hierarchical order for virus classification is
- A. order, genus, family, subfamily, species.
- B. species, genus, family, subfamily, order.
- C. order, family, subfamily, genus, species.
- D. genus, order, family, subfamily, species.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct hierarchical order for virus classification is order, family, subfamily, genus, species. This is because classification starts at a broader level (order) and narrows down to a more specific level (species). Order comes first to group viruses based on common characteristics, followed by family, which further categorizes them. Subfamily refines the classification, then genus groups similar viruses together, and species distinguishes different strains within a genus. Choice A is incorrect because it places genus before family, which is not the correct sequence. Choice B is incorrect as it starts with species, which is the most specific level. Choice D is incorrect because it places genus at the beginning, which is too specific for the hierarchical order.
When examining a patient with a suspicion of food toxicoinfection, a doctor on duty has detected symptoms characteristic of botulism. The patient named the meals he had eaten the day before. What is the most probable cause of infection?
- A. Homemade canned meat
- B. Custard pastry from private bakery
- C. Sour cream from local dairy factory
- D. Strawberries from suburban vegetable garden
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Homemade canned meat. Botulism is often caused by consuming improperly canned or preserved foods, particularly meats. The spores of the Clostridium botulinum bacteria can grow in anaerobic conditions, such as those found in improperly canned foods, leading to the production of the botulinum toxin. The symptoms of botulism align with those characteristic of the patient's condition.
Explanation of why the other choices are incorrect:
B: Custard pastry from private bakery - Unlikely to be the cause of botulism as this type of food is not typically associated with the growth of Clostridium botulinum.
C: Sour cream from local dairy factory - While dairy products can sometimes be sources of foodborne illness, botulism is not commonly associated with sour cream.
D: Strawberries from suburban vegetable garden - Botulism is not typically transmitted through fresh fruits or vegetables, making this an unlikely source of infection.
Infectious agents of various ultrastructures can be etiological agents of infectious diseases. Which of the groups named below HAS NO cellular structure, protein synthesizing, enzyme and energy systems?
- A. Viruses
- B. Fungi
- C. Bacteria
- D. Protozoa
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Viruses. Viruses are acellular, meaning they lack cellular structure, protein synthesizing ability, enzymes, and energy systems. They are essentially genetic material (DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protein coat. Fungi (B), bacteria (C), and protozoa (D) are all cellular organisms with protein synthesizing, enzyme, and energy systems. Viruses rely on host cells to replicate and carry out metabolic functions, making them distinct from other groups.