Nokea
Sanitary and bacteriological examination of air in drug-store premises revealed increased content of sanitary representative microorganisms. What microorganisms are these?
- A. Golden staphylococcus and hemolytic streptococcus
- B. Diphtheria and tuberculosis bacilli
- C. Colon and blue pus bacilli
- D. Epidermal staphylococcus and sarcina
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A (Golden staphylococcus and hemolytic streptococcus) because these microorganisms are commonly found in the air of contaminated environments like drug-store premises. Golden staphylococcus and hemolytic streptococcus are pathogenic bacteria associated with infections in humans, indicating poor sanitation. The other choices are incorrect because:
B: Diphtheria and tuberculosis bacilli are not commonly found in the air in drug-store premises.
C: Colon and blue pus bacilli are not typical microorganisms associated with air contamination.
D: Epidermal staphylococcus and sarcina are not likely to be present in high amounts in the air of drug-store premises.
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The basic requirements of PCR reaction include:
- A. DNA segment to be amplified
- B. Two oligonucleotide primers
- C. Heat stable DNA
- D. All of these
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because all the options are essential for a PCR reaction.
A: DNA segment is required as the template for amplification.
B: Two oligonucleotide primers are needed to initiate DNA replication.
C: Heat stable DNA polymerase (not just heat stable DNA) is crucial for withstanding the high temperatures during PCR.
In summary, without any of these components, the PCR reaction cannot proceed effectively.
The term used to indicate the extent to which a drug reaches its site of action is:
- A. bioactivity
- B. bioavailability
- C. bioremediation
- D. biostasis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: bioavailability. Bioavailability refers to the extent and rate at which a drug reaches its site of action in the body. This includes factors such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
Rationale:
1. Bioactivity refers to the pharmacological effect of a drug, not how effectively it reaches its site of action.
2. Bioremediation is the process of using organisms to remove or neutralize pollutants, not related to drug delivery.
3. Biostasis refers to a state of equilibrium or balance in living organisms, not related to drug transport to its site of action.
In summary, bioavailability is the most appropriate term as it specifically addresses the process of a drug reaching its intended target within the body, distinguishing it from the other choices.
A patient consulted a dentist about itching and burning in the oral cavity; high temperature. The patient was diagnosed with trichomonal gingivostomatitis. What drug should be chosen for his treatment?
- A. Metronidazole
- B. Ampicillin
- C. Gentamicin sulfate
- D. Nystatin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: Trichomonal gingivostomatitis is caused by the parasite Trichomonas tenax.
Step 2: Metronidazole is the drug of choice for treating infections caused by anaerobic organisms like Trichomonas.
Step 3: Metronidazole effectively targets and eliminates Trichomonas parasites in the oral cavity.
Step 4: Therefore, the correct drug choice for treating trichomonal gingivostomatitis is Metronidazole.
Summary:
- Ampicillin (B) is an antibiotic effective against Gram-positive bacteria, not parasites.
- Gentamicin sulfate (C) is an antibiotic used for bacterial infections, not parasitic infections.
- Nystatin (D) is an antifungal medication used for treating fungal infections, not parasitic infections like trichomonal gingivostomatitis.
Which of the following has a higher resistance to environmental stresses than the others?
- A. Bacterial endospores
- B. Fungal spores
- C. Enveloped viruses
- D. Vegetative bacterial cells
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Bacterial endospores. Bacterial endospores have a higher resistance to environmental stresses due to their unique structure, which includes a tough outer layer that protects the spore from harsh conditions such as heat, chemicals, and radiation. This protective layer allows endospores to remain dormant and survive in unfavorable environments until conditions improve.
Summary:
B: Fungal spores - While fungal spores can also survive in harsh conditions, they are generally not as resistant as bacterial endospores due to differences in their protective structures.
C: Enveloped viruses - Enveloped viruses are susceptible to environmental stresses as their lipid envelope can easily be damaged by heat, chemicals, and other factors.
D: Vegetative bacterial cells - Vegetative bacterial cells are more susceptible to environmental stresses compared to endospores, as they do not have the same level of protective mechanisms to survive in unfavorable conditions.
Which bacteria are capable of producing an exotoxin that causes severe diarrhea?
- A. Escherichia coli
- B. Clostridium botulinum
- C. Vibrio cholerae
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because all three bacteria listed are capable of producing exotoxins that can cause severe diarrhea. Escherichia coli can produce toxins that lead to diarrhea. Clostridium botulinum produces a neurotoxin causing botulism, which can also result in diarrhea. Vibrio cholerae is known for producing cholera toxin, a potent exotoxin that causes severe watery diarrhea. The other choices are incorrect because each bacterium listed is capable of producing a toxin that can cause diarrhea.