Nokea
The tertiary stage of syphilis is usually manifested as:
- A. Syphilitic granulomas (gummas)
- B. Purulent exudation from the urethra
- C. Non-tender chancre (ulcus durum)
- D. Diffuse maculopapular rash
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Syphilitic granulomas (gummas). In the tertiary stage of syphilis, gummas, which are soft, tumor-like growths, can develop in various organs such as the skin, bones, liver, and brain. This stage typically occurs years after the initial infection and can lead to serious complications if left untreated. Purulent exudation from the urethra (B) is not specific to syphilis and may indicate other infections. Non-tender chancre (C) is characteristic of the primary stage of syphilis, not the tertiary stage. Diffuse maculopapular rash (D) is more commonly seen in the secondary stage of syphilis.
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The United Nations estimates that by the year 2050 more than __________ of the world’s population will live in urban areas.
- A. 35%
- B. 56%
- C. 60%
- D. 69%
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D (69%). The UN projects that by 2050, around 69% of the world's population will live in urban areas. This is based on current global urbanization trends and population growth rates. Urban areas are experiencing rapid population growth due to factors like rural-to-urban migration and natural population increase. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they underestimate the expected urban population growth by 2050. A (35%), B (56%), and C (60%) are too low compared to the projected 69%. Urbanization is a significant global trend, and it is essential to consider the implications of this shift for sustainability, infrastructure development, and resource allocation.
Which of the following bacteria produce toxins that can cause severe gastrointestinal illness?
- A. Vibrio cholerae
- B. Clostridium difficile
- C. Escherichia coli
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, "All of the above," because all three bacteria listed (Vibrio cholerae, Clostridium difficile, Escherichia coli) produce toxins that can cause severe gastrointestinal illness. Vibrio cholerae produces cholera toxin leading to severe diarrhea. Clostridium difficile produces toxins causing antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Escherichia coli can produce toxins such as Shiga toxin causing severe gastrointestinal symptoms. Therefore, all the options listed are correct in producing toxins that can result in severe gastrointestinal illness.
Artificial active immunity occurs after a vaccination: injecting or taking antigens by mouth. Takes time for T and B cells to be activated but gives relatively long lasting:
- A. TRUE
- B. FALSE
- C. Both answers can be correct depending on the given situation
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: 1. Vaccination introduces antigens to stimulate immune response.
2. T and B cells are activated to produce memory cells for long-lasting protection.
3. Active immunity develops over time post-vaccination.
4. Choice A is correct as it accurately describes the process and outcomes.
5. Choice B is incorrect as it contradicts the process of active immunity.
6. Choice C is incorrect as the process of active immunity is consistent regardless of the situation.
7. Therefore, the correct answer is A as it aligns with the mechanism and characteristics of artificial active immunity.
Gram (+) bacteria ... MG-ribonucleate and Mg. deoxyribonucleate in:
- A. Proportion 4:1
- B. Proportion 2:1
- C. Proportion 8:1
- D. Proportion 1:1
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A, proportion 4:1. Gram (+) bacteria have a higher ratio of MG-ribonucleate to Mg. deoxyribonucleate because ribosomal RNA is more abundant in actively growing bacterial cells. This higher proportion of MG-ribonucleate to Mg. deoxyribonucleate is essential for protein synthesis and growth. The other choices are incorrect because they do not reflect the higher ratio of ribosomal RNA to DNA in Gram (+) bacteria, which is crucial for their metabolic activities and cellular functions.
Which one is true for the bacterial cell?
- A. The oxidative phosphorylation takes place in the mitochondria
- B. Capsules are essential organelles
- C. Has only DNA but not RNA
- D. Multiplies by binary fission
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Multiplies by binary fission. Bacterial cells reproduce through binary fission, where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells. This process is essential for bacterial growth and multiplication.
A: The oxidative phosphorylation does not take place in the mitochondria of bacterial cells but in the cell membrane.
B: Capsules are not organelles but outer protective layers found in some bacterial cells.
C: Bacterial cells contain both DNA and RNA, essential for their genetic information and protein synthesis.