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Sanitary-biologic examination of air in a drugstore revealed a sanitary-indicative microorganism. Name it:
- A. Staphylococcus aureus
- B. Colon bacillus
- C. Fecal enterococcus
- D. α-haemolytic streptococcus
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Fecal enterococcus. In a drugstore setting, finding a fecal-indicative microorganism like fecal enterococcus indicates a potential contamination from fecal matter, which poses a significant health risk. Staphylococcus aureus (Choice A) and α-haemolytic streptococcus (Choice D) are not typically indicative of fecal contamination. Colon bacillus (Choice B) is a common bacterium found in the gut but is not specifically indicative of fecal contamination. Therefore, choice C, fecal enterococcus, is the most appropriate microorganism indicating unsanitary conditions in a drugstore.
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Which of the following organisms produces toxins that target cholesterol?
- A. Streptococcus pyogenes
- B. Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- C. Escherichia coli
- D. Aeromonas hydrophila
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step 1: Escherichia coli is known to produce a toxin called colibactin that targets cholesterol.
Step 2: Colibactin disrupts cholesterol metabolism in host cells.
Step 3: This disruption can lead to various health issues.
Step 4: Streptococcus pyogenes produces different toxins, not specifically targeting cholesterol.
Step 5: Corynebacterium diphtheriae produces diphtheria toxin, not targeting cholesterol.
Step 6: Aeromonas hydrophila produces various toxins, but not known for targeting cholesterol.
Summary: Escherichia coli produces toxins that specifically target cholesterol, making it the correct choice over the other options.
A patient with fever, headache, and neck stiffness had cerebrospinal fluid microscopy revealing Gram-negative diplococci. What is the likely causative agent?
- A. Neisseria meningitidis
- B. Streptococcus pneumoniae
- C. Haemophilus influenzae
- D. Klebsiella pneumoniae
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Neisseria meningitidis. This bacterium is a Gram-negative diplococcus commonly associated with meningitis. Neisseria meningitidis is a leading cause of bacterial meningitis in young adults and adolescents. It is known for causing fever, headache, and neck stiffness. The other choices, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, are not typically Gram-negative diplococci and are not commonly associated with the symptoms described. Streptococcus pneumoniae is a Gram-positive coccus, Haemophilus influenzae is a Gram-negative coccobacillus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae is a Gram-negative rod. Therefore, Neisseria meningitidis is the most likely causative agent in this scenario.
The binomial system of nomenclature was originally developed by
- A. Pasteur
- B. Linnaeus
- C. Martini
- D. Jenner
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Linnaeus. Linnaeus developed the binomial system of nomenclature in the 18th century. He introduced the use of a two-part naming system consisting of a genus name and a species name, known as binomial nomenclature. This system helps in organizing and categorizing living organisms systematically. Pasteur (choice A) is known for his contributions to microbiology, not nomenclature. Martini (choice C) and Jenner (choice D) are not associated with the development of the binomial system of nomenclature.
A man died from an acute infectious disease accompanied by fever, jaundice, haemorrhagic rash on the skin and mucous membranes as well as by acute renal insufficiency. Histological examination of renal tissue (stained by Romanovsky-Giemsa method) revealed some convoluted bacteria looking like C and S letters. What bacteria were revealed?
- A. Leptospira
- B. Treponema
- C. Spirilla
- D. Borrelia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Leptospira. The key features pointing to Leptospira are the presence of convoluted bacteria resembling C and S letters, which is characteristic of Leptospira species. Leptospirosis presents with fever, jaundice, haemorrhagic rash, and acute renal insufficiency. The other choices (B: Treponema, C: Spirilla, D: Borrelia) do not match the histological description or the clinical presentation of the case. Treponema is associated with syphilis, Spirilla with genus Spirochaeta, and Borrelia with Lyme disease, none of which match the given scenario.
The compact structure in which the genome of the bacteria is located is called:
- A. Nucleoid
- B. Nucleotide
- C. ATP
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Nucleoid. The bacterial genome is located in the nucleoid, a region within the bacterial cell where the genetic material is condensed and organized. This structure is not the same as a nucleus found in eukaryotic cells. The other choices (B: Nucleotide and C: ATP) are incorrect because nucleotide refers to a building block of DNA or RNA, and ATP is a molecule used for energy transfer in cells, neither of which specifically houses the bacterial genome. Choice D: None of the above is incorrect as well, as the correct term for the compact structure containing the bacterial genome is the nucleoid.