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Which of the following is responsible for the dramatic increase in life expectancy during the twentieth century?
- A. Technology increases in the field of medical laboratory research
- B. Advances in surgical techniques and procedures
- C. Sanitation and other public health activities
- D. Use of antibiotics to fight infections
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Sanitation and other public health activities. Sanitation improvements, such as clean water supply and waste disposal, have played a significant role in reducing infectious diseases and improving overall health, leading to the dramatic increase in life expectancy during the twentieth century. This is supported by historical data showing a correlation between improved sanitation and decreased mortality rates. Other choices are incorrect because while technology, surgical advances, and antibiotics have contributed to medical progress, they alone cannot account for the significant increase in life expectancy seen during the twentieth century.
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According to Campinha-Bacote's "Process of Cultural Competemility in the Delivery of Healthcare Services" model, which question by a nurse represents the "E" in the mnemonic "A-S-K-E-D" for self-examination?
- A. "Am I aware of my prejudices and biases and the presence of racism and other ‘isms'?"
- B. "Do I know how to conduct a culturally specific history, physical, mental health, medication, and spiritual assessment in a culturally sensitive manner?"
- C. "Do I have knowledge regarding different cultures' worldviews, the field of biocultural ecology, and the importance of addressing social determinants of health?"
- D. "Do I have sacred and unremitting encounters with people from cultures different from mine, and am I committed to resolving cross-cultural conflicts?"
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because it aligns with the "E" component in Campinha-Bacote's model, which stands for "Examination of your own cultural beliefs and attitudes towards health care practices." This question prompts self-reflection on prejudices, biases, and racism, crucial for providing culturally competent care. Option B focuses on assessment skills, not self-examination. Option C emphasizes knowledge, not self-awareness. Option D pertains to resolving conflicts, not self-examination. Thus, A is the correct choice for reflecting on personal biases and attitudes.
Which of the following is a basic assumption of public health efforts?
- A. Health disparities among any groups are morally and legally wrong.
- B. Health care is the most important priority in government planning and funding.
- C. The health of individuals cannot be separated from the health of the community.
- D. The government is responsible for lengthening the life span of Americans.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: The health of individuals cannot be separated from the health of the community. This assumption is fundamental in public health efforts because it emphasizes the interconnectedness of individual and community health. Public health focuses on improving overall community well-being by addressing factors that influence health outcomes for individuals. This approach recognizes that individual health is influenced by social, environmental, and economic factors, and that community-level interventions are crucial for promoting health and preventing disease.
Incorrect answers:
A: Health disparities among any groups are morally and legally wrong. While addressing health disparities is important in public health, it is not a basic assumption.
B: Health care is the most important priority in government planning and funding. This choice prioritizes healthcare over public health efforts, which focus on prevention and community health.
D: The government is responsible for lengthening the life span of Americans. This choice is too narrow and does not capture the holistic approach of public health in promoting overall well-being.
A principal comments to the school nurse that it seems there are a lot more problems with asthma
- A. Descriptive epidemiological study
- B. Ecological study
- C. Prospective cohort study
- D. Retrospective cohort study
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Descriptive epidemiological study. This type of study focuses on describing and analyzing patterns of disease occurrence in a population without examining causal relationships. In this scenario, the principal is simply observing an increase in asthma cases without investigating potential causes or risk factors. Choices B, C, and D involve more specific research designs that require a more in-depth analysis of individuals over time to establish causal relationships, which is not the case here.
A nurse is working with a population that exhibits a large amount of diversity. The nurse recognizes that skin color of individuals within this population is an example of what?
- A. Multiculturalism
- B. Ethnicity
- C. Race
- D. Culture
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Race. Skin color is a physical characteristic that is used to categorize individuals into different racial groups based on common physical traits. This is different from ethnicity (choice B), which refers to shared cultural practices and beliefs. Multiculturalism (choice A) and culture (choice D) are broader concepts that encompass various aspects beyond just physical characteristics like skin color. Therefore, the correct answer is race as it specifically relates to the observable physical differences among individuals within a population.
A school nurse wants to decrease the incidence of obesity in elementary school children. Which of
- A. Giving a presentation on the importance of exercise and physical fitness
- B. Designing a game in which students select healthy food choices
- C. Weighing students to identify those who are overweight
- D. Putting students on a diet if they weigh greater than 20% of their ideal weight
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because educating students on the importance of exercise and physical fitness promotes long-term healthy habits. This approach focuses on prevention rather than intervention, empowering children to make informed choices. Choice B may help students make healthy food choices but doesn't address the importance of physical activity. Choice C may lead to stigma and doesn't promote positive behavior change. Choice D is not recommended as putting students on a diet without proper guidance can be harmful.