Nokea
Select a suitable therapeutic indication for bethanechol:
- A. To decrease the heart rate
- B. To decrease the blood pressure
- C. For urinary retention
- D. Decrease intraocular pressure
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Bethanechol, a muscarinic agonist, stimulates bladder contraction for urinary retention.
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Amphetamine is used in
- A. Narcolepsy
- B. Psychosis
- C. Anxiety disorders
- D. Obsessive compulsive neurosis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Amphetamine treats narcolepsy by promoting wakefulness.
The 'donut hole' in Medicare Part D:
- A. Will be totally eliminated with the federal health-care reform enacted in 2010
- B. Refers to the period of time when annual individual drug costs are between 250 and 2,250 per year and drug costs are covered 75%
- C. Refers to the period between when the annual individual drug costs are 2,970 and 4,750 and the patient pays 52.5% of the costs of brand name drugs (2013)
- D. Has no effect on whether patients continue to fill their prescriptions during the coverage gap
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The donut hole (2013) is the coverage gap where patients pay more out-of-pocket.
Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT):
- A. Is widely distributed in the body only when the gum products are used
- B. Does not cross the placenta and so is safe for pregnant women
- C. Delays healing of esophagitis and peptic ulcers
- D. Has no drug interactions when a transdermal patch is used
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: NRT delays GI ulcer healing due to nicotine's effects on acid secretion.
Hypoglycemic mechanism of biguanides is:
- A. Enhance closure of ATP sensitive K+ channels
- B. Inhibits gluconeogenesis in the liver
- C. Enhance glucose absorption from gastro-intestinal tract
- D. Decrease glycolysis in the peripheral tissue
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Biguanides like metformin inhibit hepatic gluconeogenesis, reducing blood glucose production.
The following drugs can be used for treatment of diabetes except one:
- A. Insulines
- B. Biguanides
- C. alfa glucosidase inhibitors
- D. Glucagon
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Glucagon increases blood glucose levels by promoting glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, making it unsuitable for diabetes treatment, unlike the others which lower glucose.