Nokea
Select the following structures which participate in forming the pelvic brim
- A. Arcuate line
- B. Margin ala of sacrum
- C. Pubic tubercle
- D. Sacral promontory
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Arcuate line. The pelvic brim is formed by structures at the pelvic inlet. The arcuate line is a ridge on the inner surface of the ilium that contributes to the boundary of the pelvic brim. The other choices, B: Marginal ala of sacrum, C: Pubic tubercle, and D: Sacral promontory, do not directly participate in forming the pelvic brim. The marginal ala of the sacrum is part of the sacrum, the pubic tubercle is located on the pubis bone, and the sacral promontory is a landmark on the sacrum but does not contribute to the pelvic brim.
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A nurse examines a patient and finds a single, firm, painless open sore with indurated borders on the vulva. The nurse correlates this finding with which disorder?
- A. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection
- B. Herpes infection
- C. Gonorrhea
- D. Syphilis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Syphilis. A single, firm, painless open sore with indurated borders on the vulva is characteristic of the primary stage of syphilis, caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. This sore is known as a chancre and typically appears at the site of infection. It is painless due to the destruction of local sensory nerves by the bacteria. Syphilis can progress through different stages if left untreated.
Choice A: HPV infection does not typically present with a single painless sore but rather with warty growths or lesions on the genital area.
Choice B: Herpes infection usually presents with multiple painful blisters or sores, not a single painless sore.
Choice C: Gonorrhea does not typically present as a painless sore but rather with symptoms like burning during urination, discharge, and pelvic pain.
Which of the following STIs are curable?
- A. Chlamydia and gonorrhea
- B. Gonorrhea and herpes
- C. Herpes and venereal warts
- D. AIDS and syphilis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Chlamydia and gonorrhea are bacterial infections that can be cured with antibiotics.
Which of the following suggestions should a nurse give breast-feeding mothers to prevent or eliminate mastitis and breast abscess?
- A. Offer the opposite breast at each feeding to their infants.
- B. Minimize frequent nursing of the infants.
- C. Avoid breast-feeding.
- D. Avoid bathing or showering regularly.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Alternating breasts during feedings helps prevent blockages and infections.
A baby is born with a penis, a scrotum with no testes, no vagina, and XX chromosomes. This condition is referred to as hermaphroditism. Which of the following could cause this abnormality?
- A. Abnormally high levels of human chorionic gonadotropin production by the trophoblast cells
- B. Abnormally low rates of estrogen production by the placenta
- C. Abnormally high levels of luteinizing hormone in the maternal blood
- D. Abnormally high levels of testosterone in the maternal blood
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Abnormally high levels of testosterone in the maternal blood. This can cause virilization of the female fetus, leading to the development of male external genitalia. Testosterone exposure during fetal development can result in the formation of a penis and scrotum without testes in a genetic female (XX).
Rationale:
1. Testosterone is responsible for the development of male external genitalia.
2. XX chromosomes indicate a genetic female.
3. Lack of testes indicates incomplete masculinization.
4. High levels of testosterone can override the default female development pattern.
Other choices are incorrect because:
A: Human chorionic gonadotropin does not directly affect fetal genital development.
B: Estrogen is not responsible for male genital development.
C: Luteinizing hormone does not directly influence the development of external genitalia in the fetus.
Which of the following is the primary sign of breast cancer?
- A. A bloody discharge from the nipple
- B. A dimpling of the skin over the lesion
- C. A retraction of the nipple
- D. A painless mass in the breast
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: A painless mass is often the first noticeable sign of breast cancer.