Nokea
Serious adverse effects of oral contraceptives include:
- A. Increase in skin oil followed by acne.
- B. Headache and dizziness.
- C. Early or mid-cycle bleeding.
- D. Thromboembolic complications.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Thromboembolic complications, such as deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, are serious adverse effects of oral contraceptives. These occur due to the estrogen component, which increases the risk of blood clots. While headaches, dizziness, and breakthrough bleeding are common side effects, they are not as severe as thromboembolic events.
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Which of the following medications would you administer for an overdose of acetaminophen?
- A. Naloxone
- B. Vitamin K
- C. Acetylcysteine
- D. Atropine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Acetylcysteine is the antidote for an acetaminophen overdose. Acetaminophen overdose can cause liver damage due to its toxic metabolite buildup in the liver. Acetylcysteine works by replenishing glutathione, which helps in detoxifying the toxic metabolite of acetaminophen. Administering acetylcysteine within 8-10 hours of the overdose is crucial in preventing severe liver damage and improving the patient's outcome. Naloxone is used for opioid overdose, Vitamin K for treating specific types of bleeding disorders, and Atropine for drug poisoning or certain types of poisoning, but they are not indicated for an acetaminophen overdose.
Barium enema is a drug used for :
- A. diagnosis;
- B. prevention;
- C. contraception;
- D. stimulation ;
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Barium enema is a diagnostic imaging test used to examine the large intestine (colon and rectum). It involves the administration of a contrast material containing barium into the colon through the rectum, followed by X-rays to produce clear images of the colon's lining. This procedure helps in the diagnosis of various conditions such as colon polyps, diverticulosis, colorectal cancer, and inflammatory bowel disease. Therefore, barium enema is primarily used for diagnostic purposes, not for prevention, contraception, stimulation, or treatment of conditions.
A child was brought to the emergency room complaining of right upper quadrant abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. Upon the interview of the nurse to the mother, the client has been taking a long-
- A. Which of the following medications should be readily available?
- B. naltrexone (ReVi
- C. urea (Ureaphil)
- D. acetylcysteine (Mucomyst)
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The presentation of right upper quadrant abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting in a child with a history of taking a long-acting formulation of valproic acid (Depakene) is concerning for valproic acid overdose. Valproic acid toxicity can lead to liver damage, which may present with symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. In cases of valproic acid overdose, acetylcysteine (Mucomyst) is commonly used as a treatment to help prevent or reduce liver damage by replenishing glutathione stores and acting as a reactive oxygen species scavenger. Therefore, acetylcysteine should be readily available in this scenario to initiate prompt treatment and potentially prevent severe liver injury.
Which drug concentration is appropriate to administer in an order for epinephrine 0.3 mg IM to treat a severe allergic reaction in an adult patient?
- A. 1:10,000
- B. 0.736111111
- C. 0.111111111
- D. 1:10
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The appropriate concentration for epinephrine 0.3 mg IM in an adult for a severe allergic reaction is 1:1000. This concentration is used for intramuscular administration, while 1:10,000 (A) is used for intravenous administration in cardiac arrest. Concentrations of 1:100 (C) and 1:10 (D) are not standard for this purpose.
A patient is experiencing mucositis (stomatitis) after receiving chemotherapy. Which symptomatic treatments will be appropriate? (Select all that apply.)
- A. Frequent mouth rinses
- B. Antiemetics
- C. Topical anesthetics
- D. Stress reduction
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Mucositis, or stomatitis, is a painful inflammation of the mucous membranes caused by chemotherapy. Frequent mouth rinses with saline or baking soda solutions help keep the mouth clean and promote healing. Topical anesthetics, such as lidocaine, can provide pain relief. Stress reduction techniques, such as relaxation or mindfulness, may help manage the discomfort associated with mucositis. Antiemetics are used to control nausea and vomiting, which are not directly related to mucositis. Antibiotics are only necessary if there is a secondary infection, which is not mentioned in this scenario.