Nokea
slit or roughly triangular shape in mediastinal surface are known as
- A. hilum
- B. fasciae
- C. Fissures
- D. indentation
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: hilum. Hilum refers to a slit or roughly triangular shape on the mediastinal surface of an organ where blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics enter or exit. This anatomical feature is commonly seen in organs like the lung, kidney, and spleen. The other choices are incorrect because B: fasciae are layers of connective tissue, C: Fissures are deep grooves or clefts between structures, and D: indentation refers to a shallow recess or notch, which do not specifically describe the slit or triangular shape found at the hilum.
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As the nurse responsible for this client's care, you anticipate which physician's orders?
- A. Endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation
- B. Immediate application of CPAP to client's nose and mouth
- C. Intravenous furosemide (Lasix) 100 mg IV push stat
- D. Call a CODE for respiratory arrest.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A. Poor oxygenation despite non-rebreather mask suggests impending respiratory failure, necessitating intubation and mechanical ventilation. CPAP (B) and Lasix (C) may be considered but are secondary. Calling a CODE (D) is only if respiratory arrest occurs.
The impulse for voluntary muscles for forced breathing starts in
- A. Medulla ( pons )
- B. Vagus nerve
- C. Cerebral hemispheres
- D. Spinal cord
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Medulla (pons). The medulla, located in the brainstem, controls involuntary functions like breathing. Specifically, the medulla contains the respiratory center, which regulates breathing rhythm and depth. During forced breathing, the medulla sends impulses to the voluntary muscles involved in breathing, such as the diaphragm and intercostal muscles. The pons, which is closely connected to the medulla, assists in regulating breathing patterns. The vagus nerve (B) is responsible for parasympathetic functions, not voluntary breathing. The cerebral hemispheres (C) are primarily involved in higher brain functions, not breathing regulation. The spinal cord (D) plays a role in transmitting signals between the brain and muscles but does not initiate voluntary breathing impulses.
In assessing for major sources of infection in a COPD patient, the nurse focuses on:
- A. Stasis of respiratory secretions.
- B. Low body weight.
- C. Episodes of postural hypotension.
- D. Delayed antigen-antibody response.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Stasis of respiratory secretions. In COPD patients, stasis of respiratory secretions can lead to bacterial growth and increase the risk of infections like pneumonia. This is a common issue in COPD due to impaired mucociliary clearance. Choices B, C, and D are not directly related to sources of infection in COPD patients. Low body weight is more associated with malnutrition, postural hypotension with cardiovascular issues, and delayed antigen-antibody response with immune system deficiencies.
Which area represents the work to overcome airway resistance?
- A. ABCEA
- B. ABCFA
- C. AECFA
- D. ABCDOA
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: AECFA. This sequence represents the flow of air through the respiratory system. Airway resistance is primarily overcome by the contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscles in the airways. The correct sequence includes the airway segments that actively participate in regulating airway resistance - the trachea (A), bronchi (E), and bronchioles (C and F). The other choices do not include the correct segments that are involved in overcoming airway resistance.
A nurse obtains the health history of a client who is recently diagnosed with lung cancer and identifies that the client has a 60 pack-year smoking history. Which action is most important for the nurse to take when interviewing this client?
- A. Tell the client that he needs to quit smoking to stop further cancer development.
- B. Encourage the client to be completely honest about both tobacco and marijuana use.
- C. Maintain a nonjudgmental attitude to avoid causing the client to feel guilty.
- D. Avoid giving the client false hope regarding cancer treatment and prognosis.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
C is correct as maintaining a nonjudgmental attitude is crucial to establish trust and rapport with the client. It helps the client feel comfortable sharing information, leading to better assessment and care. A is incorrect as quitting smoking may not be the immediate priority. B is incorrect as honesty about marijuana use is not the primary concern. D is incorrect as it does not address the importance of establishing a therapeutic relationship.