Nokea
Specific receptor defects occur in:
- A. Guillain-Barre syndrome
- B. Myasthenia gravis
- C. Graves' disease
- D. Ulcerative colitis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Myasthenia gravis is characterized by antibodies against acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction, leading to muscle weakness.
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Typical features of Down's syndrome include:
- A. Brachycephaly
- B. Hypotonia
- C. Male infertility
- D. Increased a-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hypotonia is a key feature of Down's syndrome, often leading to delayed development and muscle weakness.
Commonly used anti-epileptic drugs in children include:
- A. Sodium valproate
- B. Lamotrigine
- C. Topiramate
- D. Phenytoin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because sodium valproate is a commonly used anti-epileptic drug in children. The other options (b-e) are also used but are not the most common first-line treatment.
In the treatment of asthma, inhaled corticosteroids:
- A. Relieve acute symptoms
- B. Prevent long-term symptoms
- C. Cause airway constriction
- D. Are contraindicated in pregnancy
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Inhaled corticosteroids are used in asthma management to prevent inflammation and control long-term symptoms, though they do not relieve acute attacks.
Regarding a supracristal VSD, the following are true EXCEPT
- A. incidence is higher in Asian children
- B. complicated by aortic insufficiency in 50-90% of patients
- C. aortic insufficiency is most often not recognized until late in the lst decade of life
- D. murmur of a supracristal VSD is usually heard at the mid to upper left sternal border
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Closure of asymptomatic supracristal VSDs at the time of diagnosis is not recommended.
A 12-year-old male tries out for a middle school hockey team. He has a history of a heart murmur as an infant, but the doctor thought it would go away. During the tryout, he experiences severe dyspnea and becomes light-headed. At your office, he has a normal rhythm, pulse, and blood pressure and is no longer dizzy. There is a grade 4/6 systole ejection murmur that radiates to the neck. There is also an ejection click. An ECG reveals left ventricular hypertrophy. The next approach to his management includes
- A. chest x-ray
- B. exercise test
- C. digitalization
- D. echocardiography
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Echocardiography is essential to evaluate the severity of aortic stenosis and its effects on the heart.