Nokea
Sputum specimens are examined to detect which of the following?
- A. Foreign bodies
- B. Cancer cells
- C. Pulmonary emboli
- D. Inflammation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. Sputum specimens are often examined for cancer cells in cases of suspected lung cancer. While foreign bodies (A) can sometimes be identified, they are less common in routine sputum analysis. Pulmonary emboli (C) cannot be detected via sputum examination; imaging studies are required. Inflammation (D) may be inferred from white blood cell counts, but detecting cancer cells is more specific and clinically significant.
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How many layers of pleura have
- A. 2
- B. visceral
- C. Parietal
- D. all of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: Pleura is a thin membrane that surrounds the lungs and lines the chest cavity.
Step 2: There are two layers of pleura - visceral (inner layer covering the lungs) and parietal (outer layer lining the chest cavity).
Step 3: The correct answer is A (2), because there are only two layers of pleura.
Summary: Choice B and C are incorrect because they each represent only one layer of pleura, whereas the correct answer A encompasses both layers. Choice D is incorrect because it includes all options, which is not accurate in this case.
A patient has been diagnosed with pulmonary hypertension, in which the capillaries in the alveoli are squeezed excessively. The nurse should recognize a disturbance in what aspect of normal respiratory function?
- A. Acid-base balance
- B. Perfusion
- C. Diffusion
- D. Ventilation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Perfusion. Pulmonary hypertension affects blood flow through the lungs, leading to decreased perfusion. This results in inadequate oxygenation of the blood. Acid-base balance (A) is maintained by the kidneys and lungs, not directly impacted by pulmonary hypertension. Diffusion (C) refers to gas exchange in the alveoli, which is affected by perfusion but not the primary disturbance in pulmonary hypertension. Ventilation (D) is the process of moving air in and out of the lungs, which is not primarily affected by pulmonary hypertension; it is more related to conditions like COPD.
The nurse supervises unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) providing care for a client who has right lower lobe pneumonia. Which action by the UAP requires the nurse to intervene?
- A. UAP assists the client to ambulate to the bathroom.
- B. UAP helps splint the client's chest during coughing.
- C. UAP transfers the client to a bedside chair for meals.
- D. UAP lowers the head of the client's bed to 15 degrees
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Correct Answer: D
Rationale:
1. In right lower lobe pneumonia, positioning the client with the affected side down helps improve ventilation and drainage.
2. Lowering the head of the bed to 15 degrees promotes pooling of secretions, worsening respiratory status.
3. A, B, and C are appropriate actions that promote client comfort and safety in pneumonia management.
4. Intervening in option D is crucial to prevent complications and promote effective respiratory care.
The metal associated with haemoglobin is
- A. Sodium
- B. Potassium
- C. Calcium
- D. Iron
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Iron. Haemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body. Iron is an essential component of haemoglobin, binding to oxygen molecules and facilitating their transport. Sodium, potassium, and calcium do not play a direct role in the structure or function of haemoglobin, making them incorrect choices. Iron deficiency can lead to anemia due to the lack of adequate oxygen-carrying capacity in the blood.
During transportation of Carbon dioxide, blood will not become acidic, because
- A. It contains hemoglobin
- B. It contains Hemoglobinc acid
- C. It contains Buffers
- D. It contains high CO2
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale: Choice C is correct because blood contains buffers like bicarbonate that help maintain pH balance by neutralizing excess acids or bases. This prevents blood from becoming acidic during CO2 transportation. Choices A and B are incorrect as hemoglobin doesn't directly regulate blood pH, and hemoglobinc acid is not a component in blood. Choice D is incorrect as high CO2 levels can actually lead to blood becoming more acidic if not properly buffered.