Nokea
Steroid hormones _____________________.
- A. bind to a receptor inside the target cell
- B. are made from cholesterol
- C. cause the cell to make new proteins
- D. all of these
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because steroid hormones bind to a receptor inside the target cell, are made from cholesterol, and cause the cell to make new proteins. This is known as the mechanism of steroid hormone action. Choice A is correct as steroid hormones need to bind to intracellular receptors to exert their effects. Choice B is also correct as steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol. Choice C is correct as one of the main actions of steroid hormones is to regulate gene expression and induce the synthesis of new proteins within the cell. Therefore, all of these statements are true regarding steroid hormones, making choice D the correct answer.
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Aldosterone:
- A. is a mineralocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex.
- B. functions in the regulation of blood glucose levels.
- C. stimulates the kidney to excrete sodium and reabsorb potassium.
- D. All is applicable.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why choice A is correct:
1. Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex.
2. It plays a key role in regulating electrolyte balance, specifically sodium and potassium levels.
3. Aldosterone acts on the kidneys to increase sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion.
4. This hormone helps to maintain blood pressure and fluid balance in the body.
Summary of why other choices are incorrect:
- Choice B (functions in the regulation of blood glucose levels): Aldosterone does not play a significant role in blood glucose regulation.
- Choice C (stimulates the kidney to excrete sodium and reabsorb potassium): This statement is partially true, but aldosterone actually stimulates sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion.
- Choice D (All is applicable): While aldosterone has various functions, not all statements apply to its actions.
Each of the following parasympathomimetics is paired with an appropriate therapeutic use EXCEPT:
- A. Physostigmine - eye drops in glaucoma
- B. Neostigmine - postoperative retention of urine
- C. Edrophonium - diagnosis of myasthenia gravis
- D. Parathion - organophosphorus poisoning
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because parathion is not a parasympathomimetic drug; it is an organophosphorus insecticide. Physostigmine (A), Neostigmine (B), and Edrophonium (C) are all parasympathomimetics used for their respective therapeutic purposes. Physostigmine is used in glaucoma to reduce intraocular pressure, Neostigmine is used to treat postoperative urinary retention by improving bladder emptying, and Edrophonium is used in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis by temporarily improving muscle strength. In contrast, parathion is not a medication but a toxic substance used in insecticides, and it does not have any therapeutic use as a parasympathomimetic drug.
You are preparing to review a teaching plan for a patient with type 2 diabetes. What will you check to determine the patient's level of compliance with his diabetic regimen?
- A. Patient's fasting glucose level
- B. Patient's oral glucose tolerance test results
- C. Patient's glycosylated hemoglobin assay
- D. Patient's fingerstick glucose check for 24 hours
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The glycosylated hemoglobin assay (HbA1c) provides an average blood glucose level over the past 2-3 months and is the best indicator of long-term compliance with the diabetic regimen.
What manifestations of endocrine problems in the older adult are commonly attributed to the aging process?
- A. Tremors and paresthesias
- B. Fatigue and mental impairment
- C. Hyperpigmentation and oily skin
- D. Fluid retention and hypertension
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Fatigue and mental impairment are often attributed to normal aging but may indicate an underlying endocrine disorder such as hypothyroidism or adrenal insufficiency.
Identify an endocrine gland within the brain.
- A. Adrenal gland
- B. Pancreas
- C. Pituitary gland
- D. Parathyroid glands
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Pituitary gland. The pituitary gland is an endocrine gland located at the base of the brain, below the hypothalamus. It secretes various hormones that regulate important functions in the body. The other choices are incorrect because:
A: Adrenal gland - located on top of the kidneys, not in the brain.
B: Pancreas - located in the abdomen, not in the brain.
D: Parathyroid glands - located in the neck, not in the brain.