Nokea
Which of the following hormones is responsible for the fight-or-flight response?
- A. Epinephrine & norepinephrine
- B. Insulin & glucagon
- C. Estrogen & progesterone
- D. Thyroxin & melatonin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Epinephrine & norepinephrine. These hormones are responsible for the fight-or-flight response. When facing a threat, the adrenal glands release these hormones, which increase heart rate, blood pressure, and energy levels to prepare the body to either fight or flee. Epinephrine and norepinephrine are part of the sympathetic nervous system's response to stress.
Choices B, C, and D are incorrect:
B: Insulin & glucagon regulate blood sugar levels, not the fight-or-flight response.
C: Estrogen & progesterone are reproductive hormones, not involved in the fight-or-flight response.
D: Thyroxin & melatonin regulate metabolism and sleep-wake cycles, respectively, not the fight-or-flight response.
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Chief cells secrete:
- A. HCl
- B. pepsinogen
- C. intrinsic factor
- D. HCO3-
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Chief cells in the gastric glands of the stomach secrete pepsinogen. Pepsinogen is an inactive precursor of pepsin, which is an enzyme responsible for breaking down proteins. This process aids in the digestion of proteins in the stomach. Chief cells do not secrete HCl (A), which is secreted by parietal cells. Intrinsic factor (C) is secreted by parietal cells and is essential for vitamin B12 absorption, not by chief cells. HCO3- (D) is secreted by the pancreas to neutralize stomach acid in the duodenum, not by chief cells in the stomach.
Which mechanism is primarily responsible for maintaining hormone levels within a narrow range?
- A. negative feedback mechanisms
- B. positive feedback mechanisms
- C. hormone-receptor complexes
- D. hormone-gene complexes
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: negative feedback mechanisms. Negative feedback mechanisms help maintain hormone levels within a narrow range by inhibiting further hormone production once a certain level is reached. When hormone levels rise, negative feedback signals the body to decrease hormone production, preventing excessive levels. Positive feedback mechanisms, on the other hand, amplify hormone production. Hormone-receptor complexes and hormone-gene complexes are not directly responsible for maintaining hormone levels within a narrow range but rather play roles in hormone signaling and gene expression, respectively.
A nurse assesses a female client who presents with hirsutism. Which question would the nurse ask when assessing this client?
- A. How do you plan to pay for your treatments?
- B. How do you feel about yourself?
- C. What medications are you prescribed?
- D. What are you doing to prevent this from happening?
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: How do you feel about yourself? This question is important because hirsutism, excessive hair growth in women, can have significant psychological implications affecting self-esteem and body image. By asking how the client feels about herself, the nurse can address emotional and mental health concerns related to hirsutism.
A: How do you plan to pay for your treatments? This question is not directly related to the client's emotional well-being and does not address the psychological impact of hirsutism.
C: What medications are you prescribed? This question focuses on the medical management of hirsutism but does not address the client's emotional response to the condition.
D: What are you doing to prevent this from happening? This question is more about preventive measures for hirsutism rather than addressing the client's feelings and self-perception.
The secretion of cortisol by the adrenal gland suppresses further secretion of ACTH by the anterior pituitary gland. What is this interaction called?
- A. Cerebral lateralization
- B. Circadian rhythm
- C. Cellular differentiation
- D. Negative feedback control
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Negative feedback control. This interaction is a classic example of negative feedback control in the endocrine system. Cortisol inhibits the release of ACTH, which in turn reduces the stimulation of cortisol production, creating a feedback loop to maintain hormonal balance. Choice A, cerebral lateralization, refers to the specialization of brain function. Choice B, circadian rhythm, pertains to the 24-hour biological cycle. Choice C, cellular differentiation, involves the process of cells becoming specialized for specific functions. Thus, the correct answer is D because it accurately describes the feedback mechanism at play in the cortisol-ACTH interaction.
Identify the gland that secretes cortisol and aldosterone.
- A. thyroid
- B. parathyroid
- C. pancreas
- D. adrenal
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: adrenal gland. The adrenal gland secretes cortisol and aldosterone. Cortisol is essential for regulating metabolism, immune response, and stress. Aldosterone helps regulate blood pressure and electrolyte balance. The other choices are incorrect because the thyroid gland (A) secretes hormones like thyroid hormone and calcitonin, the parathyroid gland (B) secretes parathyroid hormone, and the pancreas (C) secretes insulin and glucagon. Only the adrenal gland (D) secretes cortisol and aldosterone, making it the correct answer.