Nokea
Growth hormone:
- A. is secreted by the adenohypophysis.
- B. stimulates growth of the musculoskeletal system.
- C. is also called somatotropic hormone.
- D. all is applicable.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Certainly! The correct answer is D because growth hormone is indeed secreted by the adenohypophysis, it stimulates growth of the musculoskeletal system, and it is also known as somatotropic hormone. All the statements in choices A, B, and C are true regarding growth hormone, making option D the correct choice. The other choices are incorrect because they do not encompass all the functions and characteristics of growth hormone as described in the question.
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A 10-year-old boy is diagnosed with Attention Deficit/Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity disorder (ADD/ADHD). Which of the following drugs is most likely to prove effective for relieving the boy’s main symptoms?
- A. Dobutamine
- B. Amphetamine
- C. Pancuronium
- D. Prazosin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Amphetamine. Amphetamine is a stimulant commonly used to treat symptoms of ADHD as it helps improve focus, impulse control, and hyperactivity. It works by increasing the levels of certain neurotransmitters in the brain. Dobutamine (A) is a different type of stimulant used for heart conditions. Pancuronium (C) is a muscle relaxant used during surgery, and Prazosin (D) is an alpha-blocker used for high blood pressure and PTSD nightmares. Therefore, Amphetamine is the most likely drug to be effective for relieving the boy's main symptoms of ADHD.
Each of the following parasympathomimetics is paired with an appropriate therapeutic use EXCEPT:
- A. Physostigmine - eye drops in glaucoma
- B. Neostigmine - postoperative retention of urine
- C. Edrophonium - diagnosis of myasthenia gravis
- D. Parathion - organophosphorus poisoning
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because parathion is not a parasympathomimetic drug; it is an organophosphorus insecticide. Physostigmine (A), Neostigmine (B), and Edrophonium (C) are all parasympathomimetics used for their respective therapeutic purposes. Physostigmine is used in glaucoma to reduce intraocular pressure, Neostigmine is used to treat postoperative urinary retention by improving bladder emptying, and Edrophonium is used in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis by temporarily improving muscle strength. In contrast, parathion is not a medication but a toxic substance used in insecticides, and it does not have any therapeutic use as a parasympathomimetic drug.
Since Adonis was unable lift the dumbbell, he decided to use the exercise bike for a cardiovascular workout. During maximum exertion on the exercise bike, Adonis began to breathe heavily and felt 'the burn' in his legs. The skeletal muscles of his legs were using primarily which form of respiration at maximum exertion?
- A. Aerobic respiration
- B. Electron transport chain
- C. Oxidative phosphorylation
- D. Glycolysis
Correct Answer: d
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Glycolysis. During maximum exertion, skeletal muscles rely on glycolysis to quickly generate ATP without oxygen. This process breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP. Since Adonis was feeling 'the burn' in his legs, it indicates the accumulation of lactic acid from glycolysis. Choice A (Aerobic respiration) requires oxygen and is not efficient during high-intensity exercise. Choices B (Electron transport chain) and C (Oxidative phosphorylation) are part of aerobic respiration and occur in mitochondria, which are less active during intense exercise compared to glycolysis.
In hyperthyroidism, which of the following lab findings would you expect?
- A. Increased TSH, decreased T3, T4
- B. Decreased TSH, increased T3, T4
- C. Increased TSH, increased T3, T4
- D. Decreased TSH, decreased T3, T4
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. In hyperthyroidism, the thyroid gland produces an excess of thyroid hormones T3 and T4, leading to negative feedback on the pituitary gland, resulting in decreased TSH levels. Therefore, you would expect decreased TSH and increased T3, T4 levels. A is incorrect because TSH would be decreased, not increased. C is incorrect because TSH would be decreased in hyperthyroidism. D is incorrect because T3 and T4 would be increased in hyperthyroidism.
Mole for mole, which of the following has the greatest effect on plasma osmolality?
- A. Progesterone
- B. Cortisol
- C. Vasopressin
- D. Aldosterone
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Plasma osmolality is primarily regulated by the concentration of solutes in the blood. Vasopressin, also known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH), plays a key role in regulating water reabsorption in the kidneys, thus affecting plasma osmolality. When plasma osmolality increases, vasopressin is released to increase water reabsorption, leading to a decrease in plasma osmolality. Progesterone, cortisol, and aldosterone do not directly influence water reabsorption and therefore do not have as significant an impact on plasma osmolality as vasopressin.