Nokea
Which of the following hormones does the skin produce?
- A. erythropoietin
- B. melatonin
- C. renin
- D. cholecalciferol
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: cholecalciferol. The skin produces cholecalciferol, also known as vitamin D, in response to sunlight exposure. This hormone plays a crucial role in calcium absorption and bone health. Erythropoietin (A) is produced by the kidneys to stimulate red blood cell production. Melatonin (B) is produced by the pineal gland to regulate sleep-wake cycles. Renin (C) is produced by the kidneys to regulate blood pressure. Therefore, the skin does not produce erythropoietin, melatonin, or renin, making them incorrect choices.
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Which hormone is most important in insulin secretion?
- A. gastrin
- B. CCK
- C. GIP
- D. secretin
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: GIP. GIP, or glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, is the most important hormone in insulin secretion. It is released by the intestines in response to glucose intake, stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas. Gastrin (A) is involved in gastric acid secretion, not insulin. CCK (B) and secretin (D) are involved in digestion and pancreatic enzyme secretion, not insulin regulation. So, GIP is the correct answer as it directly stimulates insulin release in response to glucose levels.
Which of the following posterior pituitary hormones causes the kidney to decrease its excretion of urine?
- A. ADH
- B. ACTH
- C. Aldosterone
- D. Oxytocin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Correct answer: A (ADH)
Rationale:
1. ADH (Antidiuretic hormone) acts on the kidneys to increase water reabsorption, leading to decreased urine output.
2. ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone) stimulates the adrenal glands, not the kidneys.
3. Aldosterone acts on the kidneys to regulate electrolyte balance, not directly affecting urine volume.
4. Oxytocin primarily functions in uterine contractions and milk ejection, not in kidney function.
Identify an endocrine gland within the brain.
- A. Adrenal gland
- B. Pancreas
- C. Pituitary gland
- D. Parathyroid glands
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Pituitary gland. The pituitary gland is an endocrine gland located at the base of the brain, below the hypothalamus. It secretes various hormones that regulate important functions in the body. The other choices are incorrect because:
A: Adrenal gland - located on top of the kidneys, not in the brain.
B: Pancreas - located in the abdomen, not in the brain.
D: Parathyroid glands - located in the neck, not in the brain.
A nurse is collecting data about the diet history of a client who has low blood sugar. Which of the following would be an important consideration in the diet history?
- A. Consumption of health foods
- B. Consumption of sea salt and kelp
- C. Consumption of seafood
- D. Consumption of carbohydrates
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: For clients with low blood sugar, it is important to assess their carbohydrate intake, as carbohydrates affect blood glucose levels.
Adrenaline combination with local anesthetics has the following effects EXCEPT:
- A. Reduces the absorption of local anesthetic
- B. Increases the duration of its local anesthetic activity
- C. Decreases the toxicity of the local anesthetic
- D. Increases blood flow to the injection area
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Correct Answer: D. Increases blood flow to the injection area.
Rationale:
1. Adrenaline is a vasoconstrictor that reduces blood flow in the injection area.
2. By constricting blood vessels, adrenaline limits the absorption of the local anesthetic, leading to prolonged local action.
3. Adrenaline also helps in reducing the systemic toxicity of the local anesthetic by limiting its absorption.
4. Therefore, the correct answer is D as adrenaline does not increase blood flow to the injection area.