Nokea
A patient presents with increased growth of skeletal and soft tissue, hypertension, arthritis, menstrual disturbances, and diabetes mellitus. Upon administration of oral glucose, which of the following levels would increase?
- A. GH
- B. IGF
- C. GH and IGF
- D. ADH
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: IGF. Increased growth of skeletal and soft tissue, along with other symptoms, suggest acromegaly due to excess growth hormone (GH) secretion. GH stimulates the liver to produce insulin-like growth factor (IGF), which mediates many of GH's effects. In acromegaly, elevated IGF levels contribute to the clinical manifestations. Option A (GH) is incorrect because GH levels may be high but not necessarily in response to oral glucose. Option C (GH and IGF) is incorrect as GH alone does not directly increase in response to oral glucose. Option D (ADH) is unrelated to the scenario described.
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Select the correct statement about the structure or function of chemical messengers.
- A. Prostaglandins are biologically active peptides.
- B. Modified cholesterol forms the main structural component of the peptone hormones.
- C. An amino acid derivative can be a hormone.
- D. An example of a paracrine is testosterone.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: An amino acid derivative can be a hormone. This statement is correct because many hormones are derived from amino acids, such as thyroid hormones (derived from tyrosine) and epinephrine (derived from phenylalanine). Hormones can be derived from various sources, including amino acids, peptides, lipids, and even gases.
Explanation of other choices:
A: Prostaglandins are not biologically active peptides; they are lipid compounds derived from fatty acids.
B: Modified cholesterol does not form the main structural component of peptone hormones; peptides are the main structural components of peptide hormones.
D: Testosterone is a steroid hormone and not an example of a paracrine, which is a type of chemical messenger that acts on nearby cells.
A nurse is collecting data about the diet history of a client who has low blood sugar. Which of the following would be an important consideration in the diet history?
- A. Consumption of health foods
- B. Consumption of sea salt and kelp
- C. Consumption of seafood
- D. Consumption of carbohydrates
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: For clients with low blood sugar, it is important to assess their carbohydrate intake, as carbohydrates affect blood glucose levels.
The left suprarenal vein drains into which of the following?
- A. Superior mesenteric vein
- B. Inferior hemiazygos
- C. Inferior vena cava
- D. Left renal vein
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Left renal vein. The left suprarenal vein drains into the left renal vein because they are anatomically close and share a common blood supply. The left suprarenal vein carries blood from the left adrenal gland, while the left renal vein receives blood from the left kidney. This anatomical proximity allows for efficient drainage of blood from the adrenal gland into the renal vein for further circulation. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because the left suprarenal vein does not typically drain into the superior mesenteric vein, inferior hemiazygos, or inferior vena cava.
X is a drug that contains a mixture of amphetamines. It is used for managing Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The drug causes autonomic effects that can be fatal if an overdose is taken. How does X work in the body?
- A. Blocks muscarinic receptors, causing what is basically 'atropine poisoning'
- B. Blocks β2 receptors on airway smooth muscle, causing bronchoconstriction
- C. Inhibits MAO, leading to a 'shut-down' of the sympathetic nervous system
- D. Releases neuronal noradrenaline, causing excessive sympathetic effects, e.g., severe rises of blood pressure
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because X, a mixture of amphetamines, works by releasing neuronal noradrenaline, causing excessive sympathetic effects like severe rises in blood pressure. This is how the drug helps manage ADHD symptoms. The other choices are incorrect because A (blocking muscarinic receptors) would not be related to the autonomic effects seen with X, B (blocking β2 receptors) would not explain the fatal autonomic effects, and C (inhibiting MAO) would not lead to the described autonomic effects. Therefore, D is the correct choice based on how X works in the body to produce its effects on the sympathetic nervous system.
Each of the following parasympathomimetics is paired with an appropriate therapeutic use EXCEPT:
- A. Physostigmine - eye drops in glaucoma
- B. Neostigmine - postoperative retention of urine
- C. Edrophonium - diagnosis of myasthenia gravis
- D. Parathion - organophosphorus poisoning
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because parathion is not a parasympathomimetic drug; it is an organophosphorus insecticide. Physostigmine (A), Neostigmine (B), and Edrophonium (C) are all parasympathomimetics used for their respective therapeutic purposes. Physostigmine is used in glaucoma to reduce intraocular pressure, Neostigmine is used to treat postoperative urinary retention by improving bladder emptying, and Edrophonium is used in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis by temporarily improving muscle strength. In contrast, parathion is not a medication but a toxic substance used in insecticides, and it does not have any therapeutic use as a parasympathomimetic drug.