Nokea
Subtypes of elder mistreatment include:
- A. Psychological mistreatment
- B. Physical mistreatment
- C. Sexual mistreatment
- D. Financial exploitation
Correct Answer: E
Rationale: Based on the given choices, none of them individually cover all subtypes of elder mistreatment. The correct answer should include all the mentioned subtypes: psychological mistreatment, physical mistreatment, sexual mistreatment, and financial exploitation. Therefore, the correct answer is not any of the provided options, as they are all individual subtypes and not a comprehensive list of all subtypes of elder mistreatment.
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Which of the following medication is not indicated for the treatment of muscle spasms?
- A. Baclofen (Lioresal)
- B. Tizanidine (Zanaflex)
- C. Cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril)
- D. Carisoprodol (Soma)
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why A is correct:
1. Baclofen is a muscle relaxant primarily used for treating muscle spasticity, not muscle spasms.
2. Baclofen acts on GABA receptors in the spinal cord to reduce muscle hyperactivity.
3. Tizanidine, Cyclobenzaprine, and Carisoprodol are all indicated for the treatment of muscle spasms.
4. Tizanidine acts centrally to inhibit excitatory neurotransmitter release, Cyclobenzaprine is a muscle relaxant with sedative effects, and Carisoprodol is a centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant.
Summary: Baclofen is not indicated for the treatment of muscle spasms because it is primarily used for muscle spasticity. Tizanidine, Cyclobenzaprine, and Carisoprodol are more commonly prescribed for muscle spasms due to their mechanisms of action.
You are obtaining an arterial blood gas in the radial artery on a retired cab driver who has been hospitalized in the intensive care unit for a stroke. You are concerned about the possibility of arterial insufficiency. You perform the Allen test. This means that you:
- A. Checked for patency of the radial artery
- B. Checked for patency of the brachial artery
- C. Checked for patency of the ulnar artery
- D. Checked for patency of the femoral artery
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The Allen test assesses collateral circulation by checking for patency of the ulnar artery. This is important before obtaining an arterial blood gas from the radial artery to ensure adequate blood flow and prevent ischemia. If the ulnar artery is not patent, using the radial artery could lead to arterial insufficiency. Checking the radial artery's patency (Choice A) is not the purpose of the Allen test. Checking the patency of the brachial artery (Choice B) or the femoral artery (Choice D) is not relevant in this context. The correct answer is C because ensuring ulnar artery patency is crucial for arterial blood gas sampling from the radial artery.
A 12-year-old presents to the clinic with his father for evaluation of a painful lump in the left eye. It started this morning. He denies any trauma or injury. There is no visual disturbance. Upon physical examination, there is a red raised area at the margin of the eyelid that is tender to palpation; no tearing occurs with palpation of the lesion. Based on this description, what is the most likely diagnosis?
- A. Dacryocystitis
- B. Chalazion
- C. Hordeolum
- D. Xanthelasma
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Hordeolum. A hordeolum, also known as a stye, presents as a red raised tender area at the margin of the eyelid. In this case, the absence of tearing upon palpation of the lesion suggests it is localized to the eyelid itself. Dacryocystitis (choice A) involves the lacrimal sac and would present with tearing. A chalazion (choice B) is a painless nodule on the eyelid, unlike the tender lesion described here. Xanthelasma (choice D) is characterized by yellowish plaques on the eyelids, not a red raised tender area.
An 18-year-old college freshman presents to the clinic for evaluation of gastroenteritis. You measure the patient's temperature and it is 104 degrees Fahrenheit. What type of pulse would you expect to feel during his initial examination?
- A. Large amplitude, forceful
- B. Small amplitude, weak
- C. Normal
- D. Bigeminal
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Large amplitude, forceful. A high fever, like 104 degrees Fahrenheit, typically leads to an increased heart rate and stronger pulse. This is the body's way of compensating for the fever and increased metabolic demands. A pulse with large amplitude and forceful quality indicates a higher cardiac output to support the body's needs during the fever. Choices B and C are incorrect because a small amplitude, weak pulse is unlikely with a high fever, and a normal pulse may not be expected in this scenario. Choice D, bigeminal, refers to an abnormal heart rhythm pattern characterized by every other beat being premature and is unrelated to the patient's fever.
Which of the following drugs is not contraindicated for concurrent use with warfarin (Coumadin)?
- A. Amoxicillin (Amoxil)
- B. Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim)
- C. Ciprofloxacin (Cipro)
- D. Clarithromycin (Biaxin)
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale for correct answer (A): Amoxicillin does not significantly interact with warfarin. It is an antibiotic that works through a different mechanism than warfarin and is not known to affect its anticoagulant activity.
Summary of incorrect choices:
B (Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole): This drug combination can enhance the effects of warfarin, increasing the risk of bleeding.
C (Ciprofloxacin): Ciprofloxacin can increase warfarin's effects, leading to a higher risk of bleeding.
D (Clarithromycin): Clarithromycin can interact with warfarin, potentially increasing the risk of bleeding.