Nokea
Symptoms of folate deficiency include:
- A. Thinning of the hair
- B. Bruising easily
- C. Glossitis
- D. Numbness and tingling of the hands and feet
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Glossitis (inflamed tongue) is a classic symptom of folate deficiency.
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The nurse explains that what drug resource book is compiled from package inserts?
- A. Nurse's Drug Guide
- B. Physicians Desk Reference (PDR)
- C. Drug Facts and Comparisons
- D. AMA Drug Evaluations
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The PDR is a compilation of information found on package inserts. The Nurse's Drug Guide uses more easily understood language and incorporates nursing considerations and patient teaching points. Drug Facts and Comparisons includes cost comparison, often not found in other drug resource guides. The AMA Drug Evaluations is far less biased than the PDR and includes drugs still in the research stage of development.
Which one of the following is a fundamental difference between competitive and noncompetitive antagonist?
- A. Competitive and non competitive work on different receptors
- B. Competitive antagonist reduces agonist potency (increase EC50) and non competitive antagonist reduces agonist efficacy (decrease E max)
- C. There is no difference between them, they are exactly the same
- D. Non competitive antagonist causes an upward shift of the E max while competitive antagonist does the opposite
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Competitive antagonists shift potency (EC50), while noncompetitive reduce efficacy (Emax), a key pharmacological distinction.
Which of the following is a biguanides which is used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus type II:
- A. Repaglinide
- B. Glibenclamide
- C. Metformin
- D. Pioglitazone
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Metformin is the primary biguanide used for type 2 diabetes, reducing hepatic glucose production and improving insulin sensitivity.
Regular intake of small amount of ethanol may
- A. Increase HDL level and LDL oxidation
- B. Decrease HDL level and LDL oxidation
- C. Increase HDL level and decrease LDL oxidation
- D. Decrease synthesis of VLDL
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Moderate ethanol intake is known to increase HDL (good cholesterol) levels and reduce LDL oxidation, offering some cardiovascular benefit.
Only free drugs can act on target sites and can be eliminated.
- A. TRUE
- B. FALSE
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: True; only free (unbound) drugs can interact with target sites and be filtered/excreted, as bound drugs are pharmacologically inactive.