Nokea
The annotation C refers to which DNA component?
- A. Vector DNA
- B. Plasmid DNA
- C. Chromosomal DNA
- D. Recombinant DNA
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Chromosomal DNA. Chromosomal DNA refers to the DNA found in the chromosomes of an organism's nucleus, carrying the majority of its genetic information. In molecular biology, the annotation C typically refers to the chromosomal DNA of the organism being studied. Plasmid DNA (choice B) and vector DNA (choice A) are extrachromosomal DNA elements that are separate from the chromosomal DNA. Recombinant DNA (choice D) is a DNA molecule formed by combining DNA from different sources, which can include chromosomal, plasmid, or vector DNA. Therefore, the correct choice is C as it specifically refers to the chromosomal DNA component.
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A patient is scheduled to have a tunneled catheter placed for administration of chemotherapy for breast cancer. When preparing the patient for the catheter insertion, what does the nurse explain about this method of chemotherapy administration?
- A. Decreases the risk for extravasation at the infusion site
- B. Reduces the incidence of systemic side effects of the drug
- C. Does not become occluded as peripherally inserted catheters can
- D. Allows continuous infusion of the drug directly to the area of the tumor
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Tunneled catheters reduce extravasation risks compared to peripheral lines by delivering medications centrally.
The oxidation-reduction pairs X/XHâ‚‚ and Y/YHâ‚‚ have reduction potentials of -50 and +75 millivolts, respectively. This means that electrons would most likely be removed from ______ to reduce ______.
- A. XHâ‚‚, Y
- B. Y, XHâ‚‚
- C. YHâ‚‚, X
- D. Y, YHâ‚‚
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: XHâ‚‚, Y. This is because the reduction potential of -50 mV for X/XHâ‚‚ indicates that X is more likely to lose electrons compared to Y with a reduction potential of +75 mV. Therefore, electrons would be removed from XHâ‚‚ (X) to reduce Y. Choice B is incorrect because Y has a higher reduction potential than XHâ‚‚, so electrons would not be removed from Y to reduce XHâ‚‚. Choices C and D are also incorrect as they do not consider the relative reduction potentials of X/XHâ‚‚ and Y/YHâ‚‚.
A patient with chronic kidney disease has hyperphosphatemia. What is a commonly associated electrolyte imbalance?
- A. Hypokalemia
- B. Hyponatremia
- C. Hypocalcemia
- D. Hypomagnesemia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Hyperphosphatemia binds calcium, lowering its availability and causing hypocalcemia in patients with chronic kidney disease.
What could happen to the woman’s serum osmolality as a result of this meal?
- A. Increased
- B. No change
- C. Decreased
- D. Unchanged
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The meal contains high amounts of sodium from salt pork and gravy, which would increase serum osmolality due to increased sodium concentration in the blood.
All of the following are true about antibodies, EXCEPT which one?
- A. They fix complement.
- B. They occur on the surface of B-lymphocyte
- C. They predominate the primary immune response to antigen.
- D. have a single, defined amino acid sequence due to variability.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because antibodies do not have a single, defined amino acid sequence due to variability in their structure. This variability is a result of somatic recombination and hypermutation.
A: Antibodies can fix complement, leading to the destruction of pathogens.
B: Antibodies are produced by B-lymphocytes and can occur on their surface as B-cell receptors.
C: Antibodies predominate the secondary immune response, not the primary response, as memory B-cells are generated during the primary response for a quicker and more robust secondary response.