Nokea
The antagonistic hormone to calcitonin is _____.
- A. thyroxine.
- B. growth hormone.
- C. insulin.
- D. parathyroid hormone.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: parathyroid hormone. Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone regulate calcium levels in the blood. Calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting bone resorption, while parathyroid hormone increases blood calcium levels by promoting bone resorption. Thus, they have opposite effects on calcium regulation, making parathyroid hormone the antagonistic hormone to calcitonin. Thyroxine (A), growth hormone (B), and insulin (C) do not directly oppose the action of calcitonin in regulating calcium levels.
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In Which of the Following Pairs, the Hormone of Endocrine Glands and Its Primary Action Is Incorrect or Mismatched?
- A. Calcitonin - Lower blood calcium levels
- B. Parathyroid - Raises blood calcium levels
- C. Somatostatin - Inhibits release of glucagon
- D. Melatonin - Regulates the rate of cellular metabolism
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D - Melatonin - Regulates the rate of cellular metabolism. Melatonin is a hormone primarily involved in regulating sleep-wake cycles, not cellular metabolism.
A: Calcitonin - Lower blood calcium levels - Correct. Calcitonin is released by the thyroid gland to lower blood calcium levels.
B: Parathyroid - Raises blood calcium levels - Correct. Parathyroid hormone is released by the parathyroid glands to raise blood calcium levels.
C: Somatostatin - Inhibits release of glucagon - Correct. Somatostatin inhibits the release of glucagon and insulin.
Endocrine glands differ from exocrine glands in that:
- A. Endocrine glands are ductless and exocrine glands release secretions at the body's surface or into ducts.
- B. Endocrine glands release hormones, whereas exocrine glands release waste.
- C. Endocrine glands are formed by epithelial tissue, but exocrine glands are primarily connective tissue.
- D. Endocrine glands are all interconnected; whereas exocrine glands act completely independently.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because endocrine glands are ductless and release hormones directly into the bloodstream to reach target organs, while exocrine glands release their secretions through ducts onto the body's surface or into specific locations. This distinction is crucial as it highlights the mode of transportation of their secretions. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because exocrine glands do not release waste; they release enzymes, sweat, etc. Exocrine glands can be formed by various types of tissues, not just connective tissue. Additionally, exocrine glands do not necessarily act completely independently; they can be part of a system or network but still release their secretions through ducts.
A nurse finds that before lunch a diabetic client is having signs of hypoglycemia. The accucheck is 54. How many grams of carbohydrates should the nurse give immediately to the client?
- A. 20 grams
- B. 15 grams
- C. 10 grams
- D. 5 grams
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: For hypoglycemia (blood glucose less than 70 mg/dL), the nurse should give 15 grams of fast-acting carbohydrates to quickly raise the blood glucose level.
A patient is scheduled for a bilateral adrenalectomy. During the postoperative period, what should the nurse expect related to the administration of corticosteroids?
- A. Reduced to promote wound healing
- B. Withheld until symptoms of hypocortisolism appear
- C. Increased to promote an adequate response to the stress of surgery
- D. Reduced because excessive hormones are released during surgical manipulation of adrenal glands
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Corticosteroids are increased postoperatively after bilateral adrenalectomy to prevent adrenal insufficiency and support the body's response to surgical stress.
Hormone release stops when the stimulus that triggered it – like thirst or high blood sugar is satisfied or corrected. This is called:
- A. positive feedback system
- B. negative feedback system
- C. lock and key system
- D. solar system
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: negative feedback system. In a negative feedback system, the body's response to a stimulus works to counteract the initial stimulus, bringing the body back to its set point. In the context of the question, hormone release stops when the stimulus is satisfied, which is characteristic of a negative feedback system. A: Positive feedback system amplifies the initial stimulus rather than counteracting it. C: Lock and key system refers to how enzymes bind to specific substrates, not related to hormone regulation. D: Solar system is unrelated to physiological processes.