Nokea
The antagonistic hormone to insulin is __________.
- A. cortisol
- B. norepinephrine/epinephrine
- C. glucagon
- D. mineralocorticoids
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: glucagon. Glucagon is the hormone that opposes the actions of insulin by increasing blood glucose levels. When blood sugar levels are low, glucagon signals the liver to release stored glucose, raising blood sugar levels. Cortisol (A) and mineralocorticoids (D) are not directly antagonistic to insulin. Norepinephrine/epinephrine (B) play a role in the fight-or-flight response, but they do not directly counteract insulin's actions on glucose regulation.
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Which of the following occur due to increased secretion of testosterone during puberty in male humans?
- A. 1, 2, 3 and 4
- B. 1, 2 and 3 only
- C. 1 and 2 only
- D. 3 and 4 only
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: Increased muscle growth (1) is due to testosterone promoting protein synthesis, leading to muscle hypertrophy.
Step 2: Deepening of voice (2) is caused by testosterone thickening the vocal cords.
Step 3: Growth of facial hair (3) is stimulated by testosterone promoting hair follicle growth.
Step 4: Enlargement of testes (4) is a direct effect of increased testosterone levels. Therefore, choices A, B, C, and D are analyzed:
- B is incorrect as it excludes the enlargement of testes.
- C is incorrect as it excludes the growth of facial hair.
- D is incorrect as it excludes both muscle growth and the growth of facial hair.
Conclusion: Choice A is correct as it includes all the effects of increased testosterone secretion during puberty in male humans.
Which of the following organs is affected by thyroid hormone in adults?
- A. liver
- B. spleen
- C. thyroid gland
- D. brain
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: liver. Thyroid hormone affects the liver by regulating metabolism and energy production. It increases the breakdown of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates. The liver plays a crucial role in converting thyroid hormones into their active form.
Summary:
B: The spleen is not directly affected by thyroid hormone.
C: The thyroid gland produces thyroid hormone but is not directly affected by it in adults.
D: While the brain is indirectly influenced by thyroid hormone, it is not a primary target organ for its effects in adults.
A practical test to differentiate between myasthenia crisis and cholinergic crisis is by injecting the patient:
- A. Neostigmine
- B. Hyoscine
- C. Edrophonium
- D. Succinylcholine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale: Edrophonium is used to differentiate myasthenia crisis and cholinergic crisis by temporarily improving muscle weakness in myasthenia crisis but worsening symptoms in cholinergic crisis. Neostigmine (A) and Succinylcholine (D) can exacerbate cholinergic crisis. Hyoscine (B) is not used for this purpose.
A nurse assesses a client who is prescribed a medication that stimulates beta1 receptors. Which assessment finding would indicate that the medication is effective?
- A. Heart rate of 92 beats/min
- B. Respiratory rate of 18 breaths/min
- C. Oxygenation saturation of 92%
- D. Blood pressure of 144/69 mm Hg
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Heart rate of 92 beats/min. Activation of beta1 receptors increases heart rate. Therefore, a heart rate of 92 beats/min indicates that the medication is effectively stimulating beta1 receptors. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not directly correlate with beta1 receptor stimulation. Choice B (Respiratory rate of 18 breaths/min) is influenced more by beta2 receptors. Choice C (Oxygenation saturation of 92%) is related to oxygen levels in the blood, not beta1 receptor stimulation. Choice D (Blood pressure of 144/69 mm Hg) is more affected by alpha receptor stimulation than beta1 receptor stimulation.
Which of the following statements about anticholinesterase drugs is WRONG:
- A. They can be divided into reversible and irreversible types
- B. They include neostigmine and physostigmine
- C. They can produce miosis and lacrimation
- D. They are useful bronchodilators
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because anticholinesterase drugs are not bronchodilators; they actually increase cholinergic activity by inhibiting the breakdown of acetylcholine. Reversible and irreversible types do exist (A), neostigmine and physostigmine are examples (B), and they can cause miosis and lacrimation due to increased cholinergic activity (C). Hence, D is the incorrect statement.