Nokea
Which nerve is NOT involved in the efferent (motor) swallow reflex?
- A. trigeminal
- B. vagus
- C. facial
- D. hypoglossal
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: vagus. The efferent swallow reflex involves motor nerves responsible for swallowing. The vagus nerve is primarily responsible for the afferent (sensory) pathway in the swallow reflex, while the efferent pathway involves the trigeminal, facial, and hypoglossal nerves. The trigeminal nerve (A) controls chewing muscles, the facial nerve (C) is responsible for facial expressions and some swallowing muscles, and the hypoglossal nerve (D) controls the movement of the tongue during swallowing. Therefore, the vagus nerve is not directly involved in the efferent motor control of swallowing, making it the correct answer.
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The Action of Parathormone in the Human Body
- A. Decreases blood sodium level
- B. Increases blood sodium level
- C. Decreases blood calcium level
- D. Increases blood calcium level
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Increases blood calcium level. Parathormone is released by the parathyroid glands in response to low blood calcium levels. It acts to increase blood calcium levels by stimulating the release of calcium from bones, increasing calcium absorption in the intestines, and promoting calcium reabsorption in the kidneys. This helps to maintain proper calcium levels in the body. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because parathormone does not have any direct effect on blood sodium levels and actually works to increase, not decrease, blood calcium levels.
A practical test to differentiate between myasthenia crisis and cholinergic crisis is by injecting the patient:
- A. Neostigmine
- B. Hyoscine
- C. Edrophonium
- D. Succinylcholine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale: Edrophonium is used to differentiate myasthenia crisis and cholinergic crisis by temporarily improving muscle weakness in myasthenia crisis but worsening symptoms in cholinergic crisis. Neostigmine (A) and Succinylcholine (D) can exacerbate cholinergic crisis. Hyoscine (B) is not used for this purpose.
Which of the following is NOT a type of hormone stimulus?
- A. hormonal stimulus
- B. humoral stimulus
- C. neural stimulus
- D. receptor-mediated stimulus
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, receptor-mediated stimulus. Hormones can be stimulated by hormonal, humoral, or neural factors, but not directly by receptors. Hormonal stimulus involves other hormones triggering hormone release, humoral stimulus involves changing blood levels of ions or nutrients triggering hormone release, and neural stimulus involves direct nerve stimulation triggering hormone release. Receptor-mediated stimulus is not a recognized type of hormone stimulus because hormones do not directly respond to receptors in this context.
Fred, a newly diagnosed diabetic, is being discharged tomorrow. Which of the following should he be taught to report to his physician?
- A. A weight loss of 2 lb
- B. Having an occasional alcoholic drink
- C. Planning to play in a tennis tournament
- D. An ear infection following swimming
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: An ear infection, especially with diabetes, can increase the risk of complications, and it should be reported immediately.
α-1 adrenergic receptors are selectively blocked by:
- A. Phentolamine
- B. Prazosin
- C. Propranolol
- D. Ergotamine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Prazosin. α-1 adrenergic receptors are selectively blocked by prazosin. Prazosin is a selective α-1 adrenergic receptor antagonist, specifically targeting these receptors. It works by blocking the effects of norepinephrine, leading to vasodilation and reduced blood pressure.
A: Phentolamine is a non-selective α-adrenergic receptor antagonist, blocking both α-1 and α-2 receptors.
C: Propranolol is a non-selective β-adrenergic receptor antagonist, blocking β-1 and β-2 receptors.
D: Ergotamine is a medication used for the treatment of migraines and has vasoconstrictive properties but does not selectively block α-1 adrenergic receptors.