Nokea
The secretions from which of these glands differs between males and females?
- A. Adrenal
- B. Gonads
- C. Parathyroid
- D. Pancreas
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Gonads. Gonads are the primary reproductive organs, responsible for producing sex hormones and gametes. In males, the testes produce testosterone and sperm, while in females, the ovaries produce estrogen and eggs. Adrenal glands (A) produce hormones like cortisol and adrenaline, which are not sex-specific. Parathyroid glands (C) regulate calcium levels in the body. Pancreas (D) produces insulin and digestive enzymes, unrelated to sex differences. Therefore, the secretion from gonads is the only one that differs between males and females due to their distinct reproductive functions.
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On swallowing, the food leaves the mouth as a round mass called a bolus, into which structure does it pass?
- A. Pharynx
- B. Oesophagus
- C. Stomach
- D. Trachea
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Oesophagus. After swallowing, the food bolus passes through the pharynx and enters the oesophagus, a muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach. The oesophagus helps transport the bolus to the stomach for further digestion. The pharynx is a common pathway for both food and air, but the food should not enter the trachea (D) as it leads to the lungs, causing choking. The stomach (C) is the final destination for the food bolus after passing through the oesophagus.
We have an emergency clinical situation, which requires a drug to produce both bronchodilation and raise blood pressure. Which one of the following drugs can achieve these two goals?
- A. Atropine
- B. Adrenaline
- C. Isoproterenol
- D. Noradrenaline
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Adrenaline is a non-selective adrenergic agonist that acts on both alpha and beta receptors.
2. Activation of beta-2 receptors in the lungs causes bronchodilation.
3. Activation of alpha-1 receptors in blood vessels raises blood pressure.
4. Atropine (A) is a muscarinic antagonist, not adrenergic.
5. Isoproterenol (C) primarily targets beta receptors, not alpha for blood pressure.
6. Noradrenaline (D) mainly acts on alpha receptors, not beta for bronchodilation.
Individualized nutrition therapy for patients using conventional, fixed insulin regimens should include teaching the patient to
- A. eat regular meals at regular times.
- B. restrict calories to promote moderate weight loss.
- C. eliminate sucrose and other simple sugars from the diet.
- D. limit saturated fat intake to 30% of dietary calorie intake.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Patients with fixed insulin regimens should eat regular meals to match insulin action and prevent hypoglycemia.
Which of the following statements about anticholinesterase drugs is WRONG:
- A. They can be divided into reversible and irreversible types
- B. They include neostigmine and physostigmine
- C. They can produce miosis and lacrimation
- D. They are useful bronchodilators
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because anticholinesterase drugs are not bronchodilators; they actually increase cholinergic activity by inhibiting the breakdown of acetylcholine. Reversible and irreversible types do exist (A), neostigmine and physostigmine are examples (B), and they can cause miosis and lacrimation due to increased cholinergic activity (C). Hence, D is the incorrect statement.
The element essential for normal thyroid function is:
- A. Potassium
- B. Sodium
- C. Iodine
- D. Calcium
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Iodine. Iodine is essential for the production of thyroid hormones T3 and T4. These hormones regulate metabolism, growth, and development. Potassium (A), Sodium (B), and Calcium (D) do not play a direct role in thyroid function. Potassium and Sodium are electrolytes important for nerve function and fluid balance, while Calcium is crucial for bone health and muscle function. Therefore, the correct answer is Iodine as it is specifically required for normal thyroid function.