Nokea
The cardiac or lower gastroesophageal sphincter is composed of ______ muscle and prevents chyme from moving into the
- A. smooth; esophagus
- B. skeletal; esophagus
- C. smooth; duodenum
- D. skeletal; duodenum
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: smooth; esophagus. The cardiac sphincter is made of smooth muscle because smooth muscles are involuntary and control the movement of food from the esophagus into the stomach. Skeletal muscles are under voluntary control and are not found in sphincters. Choices C and D are incorrect because the duodenum is part of the small intestine and not relevant to the cardiac sphincter's function.
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What is the role of the large intestine?
- A. digestion of proteins
- B. absorption of nutrients
- C. absorption of water
- D. production of bile
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The large intestine's main role is to absorb water from the indigestible food residue, forming feces. This process helps maintain proper hydration levels in the body. It does not digest proteins (choice A) or absorb nutrients (choice B), as these processes primarily occur in the small intestine. The production of bile (choice D) is carried out by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, not by the large intestine. Thus, choice C is correct as it aligns with the primary function of the large intestine.
Vomitting is not usually caused by:
- A. Irritation if the duodenal mucosa
- B. Diseases of the inner ear
- C. Microbial toxins in the blood
- D. Severe exercise
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Diseases of the inner ear. Vomiting is primarily controlled by the vomiting center in the brainstem, which responds to various stimuli such as irritation of the duodenal mucosa (Choice A), microbial toxins in the blood (Choice C), and severe exercise (Choice D). Diseases of the inner ear do not directly trigger the vomiting reflex, making Choice B the correct answer.
A nurse is preparing to administer a medication via intramuscular (IM) injection. Which of the following sites is considered the safest for administering an IM injection?
- A. The dorsogluteal site
- B. The deltoid muscle
- C. The ventrogluteal site
- D. The vastus lateralis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The ventrogluteal site is considered the safest for IM injections due to the presence of fewer major blood vessels and nerves, reducing the risk of injury. The site is easily accessible and has a thick muscle mass suitable for medication absorption. To locate the ventrogluteal site, the nurse can ask the patient to lie on their side with the knee slightly flexed. The nurse should locate the greater trochanter and iliac crest, forming a V-shaped area where the injection is administered. The other choices are not as safe as the ventrogluteal site. The dorsogluteal site is not recommended due to proximity to the sciatic nerve and major blood vessels. The deltoid muscle is a smaller muscle and may not be suitable for all types of medications. The vastus lateralis site is more commonly used for pediatric patients or adults with limited muscle mass in other areas.
What is the patient with chronic pancreatitis more likely to have than the patient with acute pancreatitis?
- A. The need to abstain from alcohol
- B. Experience acute abdominal pain
- C. Malabsorption and diabetes mellitus
- D. Require a high-carbohydrate, high-protein, low-fat diet
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Chronic pancreatitis often leads to malabsorption and diabetes mellitus due to long-term pancreatic dysfunction.
Melena is an indication of:
- A. upper gastrointestinal bleeding
- B. lower gastrointestinal bleeding
- C. both
- D. neither
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Melena is black, tarry stool resulting from the digestion of blood in the gastrointestinal tract. This typically occurs in the upper GI tract due to the longer transit time, allowing the blood to be digested. Lower GI bleeding usually presents as bright red blood in the stool or maroon-colored stool. Therefore, melena is a specific indicator of upper GI bleeding. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because melena specifically points to upper GI bleeding, not lower GI bleeding or both.