Nokea
A 20-yr-old woman is being admitted with electrolyte disorders of unknown etiology. Which assessment finding is most important to report to the health care provider?
- A. The patient uses laxatives daily.
- B. The patient's knuckles are macerate
- D. The patient's serum potassium level is 2.9 mEq/L.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. A serum potassium level of 2.9 mEq/L indicates hypokalemia, which can be life-threatening. Hypokalemia can lead to cardiac arrhythmias and muscle weakness. It is crucial to report this finding promptly to the healthcare provider for immediate intervention. Choice A is relevant but not as urgent as hypokalemia. Choice B is unrelated to electrolyte disorders. Choice C is incomplete and does not provide any relevant information.
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Which of the following statements regarding caloric restriction (CR) is TRUE?
- A. CR stimulates the insulin signalling pathway, leading to activation of longevity genes
- B. resveratrol can mimic the effects of caloric restriction in worms, yeast and flies
- C. CR has been demonstrated to increase life span in humans
- D. all of the above are true
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Resveratrol can mimic the effects of caloric restriction in worms, yeast, and flies. This is true because resveratrol, a compound found in red wine, has been shown to activate certain proteins and enzymes that are also activated during caloric restriction, leading to improved health and longevity in these organisms.
A is incorrect because caloric restriction typically leads to decreased insulin signaling, not stimulation. C is incorrect because while CR has been shown to increase lifespan in various animal models, there is limited evidence to support its effects on human lifespan. D is incorrect because not all statements are true - only B is supported by scientific evidence.
What role does the pancreas play in digestion?
- A. producing bile
- B. producing enzymes
- C. storing nutrients
- D. absorbing vitamins
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: producing enzymes. The pancreas produces digestive enzymes such as amylase, lipase, and protease that help break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in the small intestine. These enzymes are crucial for proper digestion and nutrient absorption.
A: The pancreas does not produce bile. Bile is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder.
C: The pancreas does not store nutrients. Nutrient storage mainly occurs in the liver and adipose tissue.
D: The pancreas does not absorb vitamins. Vitamin absorption primarily takes place in the small intestine.
In summary, the pancreas plays a vital role in digestion by producing enzymes that aid in the breakdown of food components.
A nurse is teaching a client how to do fecal occult blood testing. Which of the following statements by the client indicates a need for further teaching?
- A. I will continue my low-dose aspirin therapy regimen.'
- B. I will refrain from eating raw fruits and vegetables.'
- C. I will avoid steak and other red meats.'
- D. I will continue taking my Coumadin as prescribed.'
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale:
A: Low-dose aspirin can cause false positive results in fecal occult blood testing due to its effect on gastrointestinal bleeding. Therefore, the client should inform the healthcare provider and consider stopping or adjusting the aspirin therapy during the testing period.
B: Refraining from raw fruits and vegetables is correct as they can interfere with the test results.
C: Avoiding red meats is correct as they can also affect the test results.
D: Continuing Coumadin as prescribed is correct as it does not interfere with fecal occult blood testing.
The hormone which causes the pancreas to secrete an enzyme-rich fluid is _____.
- A. cholecystokinin
- B. secretin
- C. enterogastrone
- D. enterocrinin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: cholecystokinin. Cholecystokinin stimulates the pancreas to secrete an enzyme-rich fluid to aid in digestion in response to the presence of fats and proteins in the small intestine. Secretin mainly stimulates bicarbonate secretion from the pancreas. Enterogastrone inhibits gastric emptying. Enterocrinin stimulates the secretion of digestive enzymes from the pancreas and also helps regulate the movements of the intestine.
The major part of the aqueous component (other than water) of pancreatic juice is
- A. mucus.
- B. trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, and procarboxypeptidase.
- C. bicarbonate ions.
- D. secretin.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: bicarbonate ions. Pancreatic juice is alkaline to neutralize the acidic chyme entering the small intestine from the stomach. Bicarbonate ions are secreted by pancreatic duct cells and play a major role in maintaining the pH balance. Mucus (choice A) is produced by goblet cells and helps protect the lining of the digestive tract but is not a major component of pancreatic juice. Trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, and procarboxypeptidase (choice B) are pancreatic enzymes, not the major component of the aqueous component. Secretin (choice D) is a hormone that stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate ions but is not a component of pancreatic juice itself.