Nokea
The chemical classification of hormones does NOT include __________.
- A. glucose-containing hormones
- B. steroid hormones
- C. protein-based hormones
- D. amino acid-based hormones
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: glucose-containing hormones. Hormones are classified based on their chemical structure, and glucose-containing hormones do not fit into any of the main categories (steroid, protein-based, amino acid-based). Glucose is a sugar molecule and not typically found as the primary chemical structure of hormones. Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol, protein-based hormones are made of amino acids, and amino acid-based hormones are derived from single amino acids or peptides. Therefore, glucose-containing hormones do not align with the traditional chemical classifications of hormones.
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All of the following are effects of chronic tobacco smoking EXCEPT:
- A. Peripheral vascular disease
- B. Cardiac arrhythmias
- C. Hypotension
- D. Increased gastric secretion
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Hypotension. Chronic tobacco smoking typically causes vasoconstriction, leading to increased blood pressure rather than hypotension. Peripheral vascular disease (A), cardiac arrhythmias (B), and increased gastric secretion (D) are common effects of chronic tobacco smoking due to the harmful impact on blood vessels, heart function, and gastrointestinal system.
One of the two hormones made by the pituitary that help regulate reproductive cells is luteinizing hormone. The other hormone is _______.
- A. Androgens
- B. Follicle stimulating hormone
- C. Epinephrine
- D. Norepinephrine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Follicle stimulating hormone. The pituitary gland produces luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone to regulate reproductive cells. Luteinizing hormone triggers ovulation and testosterone production, while follicle stimulating hormone stimulates egg development in females and sperm production in males. Choice A (Androgens) are male sex hormones produced by the testes, not by the pituitary gland. Choices C (Epinephrine) and D (Norepinephrine) are hormones produced by the adrenal glands and are not involved in regulating reproductive cells.
Complete the following sentence: Hormones are chemical messengers that…
- A. Remain at a constant concentration in the blood
- B. Are synthesised by plasma proteins
- C. Are only produced after puberty
- D. Alter the activity of target tissues
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because hormones alter the activity of target tissues to regulate various physiological processes in the body. Hormones act on specific receptors in target tissues to initiate a response. Option A is incorrect because hormone levels fluctuate to maintain homeostasis. Option B is incorrect because hormones are typically synthesized by endocrine glands, not plasma proteins. Option C is incorrect because hormones are produced throughout life, not just after puberty.
Muscarinic agonist used for atonic bowel or bladder:
- A. Clonidine
- B. Chlorpromazine
- C. Bethanechol
- D. Ephedrine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Certainly! Bethanechol is a muscarinic agonist that specifically targets the bladder and bowel smooth muscles, improving their tone and contractility. It is used for conditions like atonic bowel or bladder dysfunction. Clonidine is an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist, Chlorpromazine is a typical antipsychotic, and Ephedrine is a sympathomimetic amine used for decongestion and bronchodilation. These medications do not have the same mechanism of action or target as Bethanechol and are not indicated for atonic bowel or bladder issues.
You are precepting a nurse who has recently graduated and passed the NCLEX examination. The new nurse has been on the unit for only 2 days. Which patient should you assign to the new nurse?
- A. A 68-year-old diabetic who is experiencing signs of hyperglycemia including rapid, deep breathing and mental status changes
- B. A 58-year-old diabetic with peripheral neuropathy and cellulitis of the left ankle
- C. A 49-year-old diabetic who has just returned from post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) after a below-the-knee amputation (BKA)
- D. A 72-year-old diabetic with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) on an IV insulin drip
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The 58-year-old diabetic with peripheral neuropathy and cellulitis is a stable patient, and this case provides an opportunity for the new nurse to practice assessment and care management.