Nokea
Endocrine glands release hormones:
- A. Directly into the bloodstream
- B. Directly into the tissues
- C. Directly into the skin
- D. Through the duct in the body
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because endocrine glands release hormones directly into the bloodstream to reach target organs and regulate various physiological processes. This allows for systemic effects on the body. Choices B and C are incorrect as hormones are not released directly into tissues or skin. Choice D is also incorrect as endocrine glands release hormones directly into the bloodstream, not through ducts.
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Muscarinic agonist used for atonic bowel or bladder:
- A. Clonidine
- B. Chlorpromazine
- C. Bethanechol
- D. Ephedrine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Certainly! Bethanechol is a muscarinic agonist that specifically targets the bladder and bowel smooth muscles, improving their tone and contractility. It is used for conditions like atonic bowel or bladder dysfunction. Clonidine is an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist, Chlorpromazine is a typical antipsychotic, and Ephedrine is a sympathomimetic amine used for decongestion and bronchodilation. These medications do not have the same mechanism of action or target as Bethanechol and are not indicated for atonic bowel or bladder issues.
Elderly people are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes due to the decline in production.
- A. estrogen
- B. thyroid hormone
- C. follicle-stimulating hormone
- D. insulin
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: insulin. Elderly individuals are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes due to a decrease in insulin production by the pancreas and decreased sensitivity to insulin in tissues. Insulin plays a crucial role in regulating blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells for energy production. A decline in insulin production or sensitivity can lead to elevated blood sugar levels, contributing to the development of type 2 diabetes. Estrogen (choice A), thyroid hormone (choice B), and follicle-stimulating hormone (choice C) do not directly impact insulin production or sensitivity in the context of type 2 diabetes development in elderly individuals.
Which one of the following hormones is secreted by neurones?
- A. Insulin
- B. Oxytocin
- C. Thyroid stimulating hormone
- D. Cortisol
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Oxytocin. Neurones secrete oxytocin, a hormone involved in social bonding, childbirth, and lactation. Neurones release oxytocin from the hypothalamus into the bloodstream. Insulin is secreted by pancreatic cells, not neurones. Thyroid stimulating hormone is produced by the pituitary gland, and cortisol is released by the adrenal glands. Therefore, the correct answer is oxytocin as it is the hormone secreted by neurones.
Muscarinic receptors can be stimulated by the following drugs EXCEPT:
- A. Pilocarpine
- B. Hyoscine
- C. Acetylcholine
- D. Neostigmine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Hyoscine. Muscarinic receptors can be stimulated by Pilocarpine, Acetylcholine, and Neostigmine, as they are known agonists of muscarinic receptors. Hyoscine, also known as scopolamine, is an antagonist of muscarinic receptors, blocking their stimulation. This makes it the exception among the listed drugs.
Which of the following is most responsive to treatment with thyroxine?
- A. Diabetes mellitus
- B. Hyperglycemia
- C. Myxedema
- D. Graves’ disease
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Myxedema is caused by hypothyroidism, which can be effectively treated with thyroxine.
2. Thyroxine is a synthetic form of thyroid hormone that helps restore thyroid hormone levels.
3. Myxedema symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, and cold intolerance improve with thyroxine treatment.
Summary of Incorrect Choices:
A. Diabetes mellitus and hyperglycemia are not directly related to thyroid hormone levels.
B. Hyperglycemia is not primarily treated with thyroxine.
D. Graves' disease is a thyroid disorder characterized by hyperthyroidism, which requires different treatments than hypothyroidism.