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What is the origin of accessory pancreatic duct?
- A. Distal part of dorsal pancreatic bud
- B. Proximal part of dorsal pancreatic bud
- C. The distal part of ventral pancreatic bud
- D. The proximal part of ventral pancreatic bud
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Proximal part of dorsal pancreatic bud. The accessory pancreatic duct originates from the dorsal pancreatic bud during embryonic development. This is because the dorsal pancreatic bud gives rise to the body and tail of the pancreas, which includes the accessory pancreatic duct. The proximal part of the dorsal pancreatic bud specifically gives rise to the proximal part of the accessory pancreatic duct. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they refer to the distal part of the dorsal pancreatic bud, the distal part of the ventral pancreatic bud, and the proximal part of the ventral pancreatic bud, respectively, which are not associated with the origin of the accessory pancreatic duct.
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Which of the following drugs is a direct stimulant of β1 and β2 adrenoceptors:
- A. Noradrenaline
- B. Isoprenaline
- C. Salbutamol
- D. Amphetamine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Isoprenaline. Isoprenaline directly stimulates both β1 and β2 adrenoceptors. It is a non-selective β-adrenergic agonist, leading to increased heart rate (β1 stimulation) and bronchodilation (β2 stimulation).
Incorrect choices:
A: Noradrenaline mainly acts on α-adrenoceptors.
C: Salbutamol is a selective β2 agonist, not stimulating β1 receptors.
D: Amphetamine primarily acts on catecholamine release and reuptake inhibition, not direct β-adrenoceptor stimulation.
A patient presents with tiredness, weakness, anorexia, apathy, abdominal pain, hyperpigmentation and postural hypertension. Upon infection he appears to be in cardiogenic shock and his blood volume is depleted. His sodium levels are low, potassium levels are high. Which of the following would also be elevated?
- A. TSH
- B. T4
- C. Adrenal hormone
- D. ACTH
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: ACTH. In this scenario, the patient is exhibiting symptoms of adrenal insufficiency, specifically Addison's disease. ACTH levels would be elevated due to the lack of negative feedback from cortisol, which is typically low in adrenal insufficiency. TSH (A) and T4 (B) would be normal or low due to the hypofunction of the adrenal gland, not the thyroid. Adrenal hormones (C) would be low in adrenal insufficiency, not elevated.
Elderly people are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes due to the decline in production.
- A. estrogen
- B. thyroid hormone
- C. follicle-stimulating hormone
- D. insulin
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: insulin. Elderly individuals are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes due to a decrease in insulin production by the pancreas and decreased sensitivity to insulin in tissues. Insulin plays a crucial role in regulating blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells for energy production. A decline in insulin production or sensitivity can lead to elevated blood sugar levels, contributing to the development of type 2 diabetes. Estrogen (choice A), thyroid hormone (choice B), and follicle-stimulating hormone (choice C) do not directly impact insulin production or sensitivity in the context of type 2 diabetes development in elderly individuals.
The chemical break down of starch begins in?
- A. The mouth
- B. The oesophagus
- C. The small intestine
- D. The stomach
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: The mouth. Starch digestion begins in the mouth due to the enzyme amylase present in saliva. Amylase breaks down starch into maltose. This process initiates digestion before food reaches the stomach or small intestine. The other choices are incorrect because oesophagus primarily serves as a passage for food, the small intestine is where most digestion and nutrient absorption occur, and the stomach's main role is to break down proteins with the enzyme pepsin, not starch.
A patient with SIADH is treated with water restriction. What does the patient experience when the nurse determines that treatment has been effective?
- A. Increased urine output, decreased serum sodium, and increased urine specific gravity
- B. Increased urine output, increased serum sodium, and decreased urine specific gravity
- C. Decreased urine output, increased serum sodium, and decreased urine specific gravity
- D. Decreased urine output, decreased serum sodium, and increased urine specific gravity
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Effective water restriction in SIADH leads to increased urine output, increased serum sodium, and a decrease in urine specific gravity due to dehydration correction.