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The choice of diuretic to use in treating hypertension is based on:
- A. Presence of diabetes with loop diuretics being used for these patients
- B. Level of kidney function with a thiazide diuretic being used for an estimated glomerular filtration rate higher than the mid-40 mL/min range
- C. Ethnicity with aldosterone antagonists best for African Americans and older adults
- D. Presence of hyperlipidemia with higher doses needed for patients with LDL above 130 mg/dL
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Thiazides are effective with GFR >40-50 mL/min; loops are used for lower GFR.
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The intangible costs of drug therapy include:
- A. Loss of wages while undergoing therapy
- B. Inconvenience, pain, and suffering incurred with therapy
- C. Cost of medical equipment in the laboratory used to monitor therapeutic drug levels
- D. Cost of prescription drug coverage, such as Medicare Part D
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Intangible costs are non-monetary, such as pain and suffering.
Cara is taking levetiracetam (Keppra) to treat seizures. Routine education for levetiracetam includes reminding her:
- A. To not abruptly discontinue levetiracetam due to risk for withdrawal seizures
- B. To wear sunscreen due to photosensitivity from levetiracetam
- C. To get an annual eye exam while on levetiracetam
- D. To report weight loss if it occurs
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Abrupt discontinuation of levetiracetam risks withdrawal seizures.
A client newly diagnosed with diabetes tells the nurse, 'I can't take any insulin made from pigs or cows.' Which of the following responses by the nurse is best?
- A. Most insulin comes from animal sources, but I'm sure alternative options are available.'
- B. Medications that are derived from animals are typically less expensive than synthetic medications, but synthetic insulin is commonly available.'
- C. Most insulin is synthetic now to help reduce the risk of disease transmission.'
- D. The animals aren't hurt in the production of medications, so you don't need to worry.'
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Most insulin today is synthetic (e.g., recombinant DNA technology), reducing disease transmission risks and addressing patient concerns about animal sources effectively.
A nursing instructor is preparing a teaching plan for a group of nursing students about pharmacology. When describing this topic, the instructor would focus the discussion on which of the following as an essential aspect?
- A. Drug name
- B. Drug class
- C. Drug action
- D. Drug source
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Pharmacology is the study of drugs and their action on living organisms. Thus, an essential aspect of pharmacology is drug action. An understanding of the drug name, drug class, and drug source is important, but the most critical aspect related to pharmacology is how the drug acts in the body.
After teaching a group of nursing students about pharmacokinetics, the instructor determines that the teaching was successful when the students identify which of the following as the first phase?
- A. Metabolism
- B. Absorption
- C. Distribution
- D. Excretion
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Pharmacokinetics refers to the transportation activity of drugs in the body after administration. The first component is absorption. This is followed by distribution, metabolism, and finally excretion.