Nokea
The ________ circulation picks up oxygen for cellular use and drops off carbon dioxide for removal from the body.
- A. pulmonary
- B. interlobular
- C. respiratory
- D. bronchial
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: pulmonary. The pulmonary circulation involves the flow of blood between the heart and the lungs. In this circulation, deoxygenated blood from the body is pumped to the lungs to pick up oxygen and release carbon dioxide. The oxygenated blood is then returned to the heart to be pumped to the rest of the body. The other choices (B: interlobular, C: respiratory, D: bronchial) are incorrect because they do not specifically refer to the circulation responsible for oxygenating blood and removing carbon dioxide in the lungs. Instead, they relate to other structures or functions within the respiratory system.
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When obtaining a health history from a 76-year-old patient with suspected CAP, what does the nurse expect the patient or caregiver to report?
- A. Confusion
- B. An abrupt onset of fever and chills
- C. A recent loss of consciousness
- D. A gradual onset of headache and sore throat
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: In patients with Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP), an abrupt onset of fever and chills is a common symptom to expect. This is due to the rapid inflammatory response in the lungs. Confusion, loss of consciousness, and gradual headache and sore throat are less likely to be reported initially.
The covering of the lung is called
- A. Pericardium
- B. Perichondrium
- C. Pleural membrane/ pleura
- D. Peritoneum
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Pleural membrane/pleura. The pleural membrane is a double-layered serous membrane that covers the lungs. The visceral pleura is attached to the lung surface, while the parietal pleura lines the chest cavity. This arrangement helps reduce friction and allows the lungs to expand during breathing.
A: Pericardium covers the heart, not the lungs.
B: Perichondrium covers cartilage, not the lungs.
D: Peritoneum covers abdominal organs, not the lungs.
Therefore, the correct choice is C because it specifically refers to the covering of the lungs.
Double Bohr effect (Oxygen curves for maternal and foetal Hb move apart in opposite directions) occurs in
- A. Foetal circulation
- B. Maternal circulation
- C. In the Placenta operating in both maternal and foetal circulations
- D. In the uterine wall
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
1. In the placenta, maternal and fetal blood circulations are in close proximity.
2. Maternal Hb releases oxygen to fetal Hb due to the lower affinity of fetal Hb for oxygen.
3. This double Bohr effect causes the oxygen dissociation curves of maternal and fetal Hb to move apart.
4. This occurs specifically in the placenta where both maternal and fetal circulations operate.
Summary:
A. Incorrect. Double Bohr effect doesn't occur solely in fetal circulation.
B. Incorrect. Double Bohr effect doesn't occur solely in maternal circulation.
C. Correct. Placenta facilitates the exchange between maternal and fetal blood causing the double Bohr effect.
D. Incorrect. Double Bohr effect is not related to the uterine wall.
The organs of the respiratory zone of the respiratory system include all the following EXCEPT:
- A. trachea
- B. small bronchioles
- C. alveoli ducts
- D. alveoli
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: trachea. The trachea is not part of the respiratory zone, which is where gas exchange occurs. The respiratory zone includes the small bronchioles, alveoli ducts, and alveoli. The trachea is part of the conducting zone, which is responsible for transporting air to and from the respiratory zone. Therefore, the trachea is not directly involved in gas exchange, making it the correct answer. The other choices, B: small bronchioles, C: alveoli ducts, and D: alveoli, are all part of the respiratory zone and play a crucial role in gas exchange.
What is the most effective treatment for cystic fibrosis?
- A. Heart-lung transplant
- B. Administration of prophylactic antibiotics
- C. Administration of nebulized bronchodilators
- D. Vigorous and consistent chest physiotherapy
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The most effective treatment for cystic fibrosis is vigorous and consistent chest physiotherapy, as it helps in clearing the mucus and improving lung function.