Nokea
The clinical manifestations of Parkinson's disease (bradykinesia rigidity and tremors) is directly related to a decreased level of:
- A. Acetylcholine
- B. Serotonin
- C. Dopamine
- D. Phenylalanine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The clinical manifestations of Parkinson's disease, including bradykinesia, rigidity, and tremors, are directly related to a decreased level of dopamine in the brain. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in regulating movement and coordination. A decrease in dopamine levels results in the characteristic motor symptoms observed in Parkinson's disease. The treatment for Parkinson's disease often involves medications that help increase dopamine levels in the brain, such as levodopa, to alleviate these symptoms.
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All the following are Test results seen in JRA EXCEPT :
- A. Increase ESR
- B. Positive RF
- C. Positive IgM & IgG
- D. Positive CA 9
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), previously known as Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis (JRA), is a chronic inflammatory disorder that primarily affects children. In JIA, common test results include an increase in ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate), positive RF (Rheumatoid Factor), and positive IgM & IgG antibodies. However, a positive CA 9 result is not typically associated with JRA. CA 9 (Carbonic Anhydrase 9) is not a commonly used marker for diagnosing or monitoring JIA, so it would not be expected to be seen in test results for this condition.
You asked to obtain a measurement of serum sodium level in the hospital lab; you obtain a value of 125 mmol/L by repeating the test 5 times. The reference value of serum sodium at that lab is between 135-155 mmol/L. Your measurement is termed
- A. accurate but not precise
- B. precise but not accurate
- C. neither accurate nor precise
- D. both accurate and precise
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The measurement is consistently low, indicating it is neither close to the true value (inaccurate) nor consistent with the reference range.
The baby with birth brachial plexus palsy (BBPP) will start with occupational or physical therapy at approximately
- A. 1 wk of age
- B. 2 wk of age
- C. 3 wk of age
- D. 4 wk of age
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Early intervention is critical for optimal recovery in BBPP. Therapy typically begins within the first week of life to prevent contractures and promote nerve regeneration.
Tic douloureux is a (n) ___ cranial nerve disorder characterized by paroxysms of pain and burning sensations.
- A. 1st
- B. 7th
- C. 5th
- D. 8th
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Tic douloureux, also known as trigeminal neuralgia, is a disorder of the 5th cranial nerve. This condition is characterized by intense, sharp, stabbing, and burning pain that follows the distribution of one or more branches of the trigeminal nerve. The pain occurs in short, sudden attacks or paroxysms, typically triggered by touching specific trigger points or by activities such as eating or speaking. It is important to correctly identify and diagnose the involvement of the 5th cranial nerve in such cases to provide appropriate treatment options for the patient.
The MOST appropriate advice for a 4-year-old child visiting the outpatient department with excessive crying is
- A. reassures her that this is a normal phenomenon
- B. seek more history regarding other skills and developmental domains
- C. refer her to pediatric psychiatry
- D. investigate for child abuse
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Further history may help differentiate normal behavior from developmental concerns.